1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 80 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 There are many reasons why food fads have continued to flourish. Garlic has long been touted(兜售)as an essential ingredient of physi
2、cal prowess(能力)and as a flu【B1】_, squash has been thought by some to cure digestive disorders, and red pepper has been【B2】_to promote endurance. The natural human desire for a simple solution to a difficult problem【B3】_the stage for promoting miraculous potions(饮剂), pills and combination of chemical
3、s. The 【B4】_individuals who eagerly embrace any second-hand information with scientific overtones(暗示)provide the foundation for healthy business enterprises.A person who has never crossed the【B5】_of a health food store may be astonished, 【B6】_or over-joyed. Countless elixirs(万应灵药), herbs, powders an
4、d other fascinating extracts are only a【B7】_of the high-profit selection. The available literature includes pamphlets extolling(赞扬)the amazing return of youth one can【B8】_while drinking a potion filled with tropical weeds, as well as volumes【B9】_the reader of an almost【B10 】_longevity.The store is d
5、irectly keyed to arouse visitors【B11】_over their health and to【B12 】_on real and imagined problems by offering solutions that, 【B13 】_cost more than the customers may be able to【B14】_Health food store patrons are often cajoled(劝诱)into buying tonics(补药)that promise to make the functioning of healthy
6、organs even better, 【B15】_whether an improvement is【B16】_for. Promotion of expensive products that consumers do not actually need takes【B17】_initiative and insight. 【B18】_occasion, there may even be some slight【B19】 _for truth in an entrepreneurs【B20】_to cure customer of illsfor a price.1 【B1 】（A）re
7、medy（B） medication（C） therapy（D）recipe2 【B2 】（A）alleged（B） suspected（C） speculated（D）acclaimed3 【B3 】（A）lays（B） takes（C） settles（D）sets4 【B4 】（A）credible（B） susceptible（C） intelligible（D）discreet5 【B5 】（A）boundary（B） entrance（C） inventory（D）threshold6 【B6 】（A）bewildered（B） terrified（C） satisfied（D）s
8、cared7 【B7 】（A）factor（B） branch（C） division（D）fraction8 【B8 】（A）anticipate（B） aspire（C） long（D）predict9 【B9 】（A）ensuring（B） assuring（C） reassuring（D）insuring10 【B10 】（A）prospective（B） promising（C） eternal（D）eminent11 【B11 】（A）enthusiasm（B） consideration（C） distress（D）concern12 【B12 】（A）capitalize（B）
9、 profit（C） invest（D）exploit13 【B13 】（A）incidentally（B） accidentally（C） subsequently（D）consequently14 【B14 】（A）accept（B） access（C） offer（D）afford15 【B15 】（A）in spite of（B） regardless of（C） so as to（D）in view of16 【B16 】（A）answered（B） accounted（C） cared（D）called17 【B17 】（A）optimum（B） optional（C） consi
10、derable（D）considerate18 【B18 】（A）In（B） At（C） From（D）On19 【B19 】（A）disregard（B） contempt（C） ignorance（D）disguise20 【B20 】（A）zeal（B） exaggeration（C） exertion（D）obsessionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 The Spe
11、cial Forces Club, founded in 1945 in London by former members of the Special Operations Fxecutive,is a reminder that some things are more important than money. But the world of money is hard to ignore. Harrods, a posh department store, is just around the corner. A Russian oligarch is noisily buildin
12、g a palace across the road. Many members have to think about making a living now that the army is shrinking. They wonder; are the skills that are celebrated inside the club useful in the world outside its windows?Once upon a time, business could not get enough of the smell of cordite. Tycoons referr
13、ed to themselves as “captains of industry“ and crafted “strategics“(from the Greek word for “general“)for their troops. They talked of waging “war“ on their rivals. They relaxed by reading Sun Tzus “The Art of War“. But more recently attitudes have changed. Businesspeople argue that military-style c
14、ommand-and-control systems are out of date in a world of knowledge workers and fluid alliances.This argument provokes derision in the Special Forces Club. Sir. Michael Rose, a retired general who spent part of his career with Britains SAS(Special Air Service), points out that the special forces have
15、 always embraced currently trendy management nostrums such as “empowerment“ and “ high-performance teams“. People who are dropped behind enemy lines have no choice but to rely on their own wits and make the most of limited resources. Sir. Michael also points out that the regular forces have followed
16、 the special forces in introducing a “mission-command approach“that is, a commander defines the overall mission but then leaves the officers on the ground to decide how to execute it.Plenty of retired officers argue that businesspeople have much to learn from the armed services. For example, busines
17、s theorists increasingly emphasizes the importance of corporate culture, yet many new businesses do a dismal job of nurturing it. The military services, by contrast, have been adept at preserving their culture at a time of social turmoil. Granted, they have sometimes been slow to change. America onl
18、y lifted the ban on openly gay troops in 2011, and on women in combat last month. But still, armies are much better than other institutions at building a lifelong esprit de corps. Military mottoes make strong men cry: “ The few, the proud“ ; “ Who dares wins“. Most corporate mission statements make
19、desk warriors cringe with embarrassment.21 Why the English military club members are about to look into business arena?（A）They have duty to guard the Russian business invasion.（B） They want to tap the oversea market with help of Harrods.（C） They want to know the practicability of business skills.（D）
20、They are facing the downscaling of military sector.22 Business tycoons used to embrace_.（A）ancient cultures from Europe and Asia（B） knowledgeable and tactic team workers（C） the way of army to command and control（D）management skills in the industry23 The word “derision“(Line 1, Para. 3)most probably
21、means_.（A）ridicule（B） consequence（C） thought（D）craze24 That emerging businesses attaches less attention to nurturing culture is mentioned to_.（A）show the importance of corporate culture in the times of turbulent society（B） show difference between theorists and the new business（C） show private sector
22、s can take page from military category（D）show military mottoes also make warriors cry25 What would be the best title for the text?（A）Business has much to learn from the armed forces.（B） Special Forces Club offers mission-command approach.（C） Military skills are out of date in todays business world.（
23、D）Military skills are essential to the success of the corporate.25 Theres nothing simple about gun control, a tangle of legal, political and public-health issues complicated by cultural preferences and regional biases. Passions run high on all sides. Lifelong hunters who grew up with firearms, urban
24、 victims of gun violence, Second Amendment scholars, NRA lobbyists , chiefs of policetheyve all got cases to make and they make them well, often contentiously.For the past 15 years, much of the debate has centered on the effectiveness of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act,the federal gun-cont
25、rol bill that was passed in 1993. Critics say the focus on law abiding gun buyers doesnt address the real issuebad guys who acquire their weapons illegally. Supporters say that the bill stops thousands of illegal gun purchases and deters crime and violence. Now medical research has come to the rescu
26、e, sifting through the data to figure out which legal measures work best to reduce firearm suicides and homicides.In a paper published in the May issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Steven Sumner, a third-year med student and Dr. Peter Layde, co-director of the Injury Research Cent
27、er at the Medical College of Wisconsin, found that local background checks, which are optional and used by just a handful of states, were more effective than the federal background checks mandated by the Brady law. The report compared the homicide and suicide rates in states that perform only federa
28、l checks with states that do state-level checks and those that perform local-level checks. The local-level checks were associated with a 27 percent lower firearm suicide rate and a 22 percent lower homicide rate among adults 21 and older, the legal age to purchase a gun.Why are local checks so much
29、better? “We hypothesize that its due to access to additional information thats not available at the federal checks. “ says Layde, “particularly related to mental-health issues and domestic-violence issues. “ All 50 states use the National Instant Criminal Background Check System(NICS), the minimum-r
30、equired under Brady, while 17 states also perform state-level checks and 12 do additional local-level checks.“This is the first study thats looked at this issue. “ says Layde. “If the magnitude of impact we found were in fact to apply to all 50 states, you would expect a very substantial reduction i
31、n suicides and homicides linked to firearms, many thousands. “ However, background checks can be both an administrative and a cost burden for strapped and stretched local authorities. There is another way to get the same results; improve the flow of local information to the MCS databases. “ In an id
32、eal world, “ says Layde, “ you might not have to have the local agencies involved if you just reliably got all the data they had up to the federal level. “26 We learn from the second paragraph that the Brady Act _.（A）is not effective in deterring violence and crimes（B） imposes very strict restrictio
33、ns on gun purchase（C） actually encourages more law-violating guys to acquire guns（D）is more effective in preventing firearm suicide than homicide27 Concerning the reduction of firearm suicides and homicides, Sumner and Laydes study has found _.（A）local background checks are more effective than feder
34、al checks（B） state-level background checks are more effective than federal checks（C） people with mental-health problems are more likely to commit suicide（D）federal background checks are more effective than local background checks28 The Brady Act requires that _.（A）background checks should be made at
35、 both state and federal levels（B） all cases of suicide and homicide should be reported to state authorities（C） local background checks should be re-examined at the federal level（D）the data from federal background checks should be used by all states29 In light of their findings, Layde proposes that（A
36、）all local authorities should make local background checks（B） further study should be made about the effect of the Brady Act（C） data from local background checks should be incorporated into NICS（D）local authorities should receive more funding for background checks30 We can infer from the text that L
37、aydes study_.（A）points to one deficiency of the Brady Act（B） provides data in favor of the Brady Act（C） accuses regional biases of complicating gun control（D）imposes a lot of pressure on local authorities30 There has been much hand-wringing over the dangers of medical residents grueling schedules. D
38、octors-in-training often forgo sleep entirely, racking up as many as 30 work hours in a single stretch. The term resident is in fact no accident, says Dr. Teryl Nuckols, an internist and assistant professor at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, who says that when she was in training 10 yea
39、rs ago, 36-hour shifts without rest were common. “Residents used to live in the hospital. “ Nuckols says.The issue is whether their presence, dizzy with exhaustion, on the hospital floor is a help or a hazard. An oft cited 2004 study of intensive-care units found that medical residents made 36% more
40、 serious mistakes during 30-hour shifts than during shifts half as long. So the simple solution to ensuring patient safety and resident sanity would appear to be reducing the length of their shifts, a plan endorsed by a lengthy Institute of Medicine(IOM)report in December 2008 that assessed the impa
41、ct of resident fatigue and proposed a new set of guidelines restricting shifts to 16 continuous hours if no rest is granted, mandatory uninterrupted five-hour naps for longer work sessions, lighter workloads and more oversight from experienced physicians. The current standards set in 2003 mandate 80
42、-hour average workweek, with no shift to exceed 30 hours.But many in the medical community, including residents themselves, worry that shorter shifts could come at the expense of educational opportunities and possibly even patient safety. And implementing the changes wouldnt be cheap, potentially co
43、sting teaching hospitals $1.6 billion a year, according to a study co-authored by Nuckols.Instituting the measures could be a boon for society, however, potentially reducing the overall price of errorse.g. , subsequent hospital visits, extra post-treatment care and lost wagesto almost negligible lev
44、els, but only if the new policies can decrease the rate of preventable errors at least 11.3% , according to the study. “Medical errors are expensive, and most of the costs of medical errors actually affect people after they leave the hospital. “ says Nuckols, who is also a health-services researcher
45、 for theRand Corp. , the nonprofit health-research group that sponsored the study. “If the recommendations do succeed at reducing medical errors, there could be some cost offsets. “There is no guarantee, however, that limiting residents shifts is the key to patient safety. Dr. Kenneth Polonsky, who
46、co-wrote an editorial accompanying Nuckols study in the New England Journal, says that while some studies show a correlation between fatigue and mistakes, not all reach the same conclusion. Whats more, Nuckols says, studies aimed at determining the cause of a mistake are inherently complicated: they
47、 require highly skilled researchers to pinpoint exactly what went wrong and when, and many rely on self-reporting from residents who, for obvious reasons, would sooner attribute a mistake to exhaustion than to other factors.31 Why are doctors-in-training called medical residents according to Dr. Nuc
48、kols?（A）Because they are trained in their own residence.（B） Because they are internists who have to work on shift.（C） Because they work overtime and often sleep in the hospital.（D）Because they have to work longer hours during training.32 The IOM report proposed that _.（A）only experienced physicians
49、should work longer hours（B） the length of residents work shifts should be reduced（C） the current 80-hour workweek should be cut to 30 hours（D）doctors dizzy with fatigue should stop working at once33 Implementing the IOM guidelines can be boon if_.（A）it does not reduce the residents educational opportunities（B） it brings benefits to both the doctors and the patients（C） it has the effect of reducing the rate of medica
