1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 82 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 The American idea that hard work was to be esteemed distinguishes us from Europeans who (1)_ their gentlemen of leisure. For us, ha
2、rd work (2)_ idleness was the way (3)_ distinction.Now, (4)_, like many other traditional values, hard work is coming under (5)_. In academic journals, conferences and classrooms, the idea of hard work is considered to be another of those notions that the dominant forces of our society (6)_ on the r
3、est of Us. It (7)_ advances white-male interests (8)_ any woman or minority foolish enough to buy into the dominant value system will find out.In a recent survey, high-school students in the United States and Japan were asked to (9)_ factors that (10)_ to success in the classroom. Of the Japanese, 7
4、2 percent listed hard work first (11)_ only 27 percent of Americans agreed.Many factors contribute to the devaluing of hard work. Thinking that self-esteem is crucial, many parents and teachers (12)_ to point out the students failing, even laziness. To make matters (13)_, Americans place an unusuall
5、y high value on the idea of innate ability. And (14)_ inevitably deemphasizes the role that hard work plays in success. (15)_ if our students fail to see that hard work (16)_, it is because we are telling them time and again, that it (17)_. If we want young people to esteem hard work, it is UP to us
6、 to show them its worth, its strength and its significance in everyday life.And while we are at it, we should make sure they know there are many ideas to which we can all (18)_. The notion that these values cannot (19)_ class, race more than the idea of hard work. It can call into question (20)_ the
7、re can be an American creeda public philosophy for us all.（A）admire（B） despise（C） regard（D）enjoy（A）more than（B） rather than（C） other than（D）less than（A）of（B） on（C） to（D）for（A）anyway（B） somehow（C） somewhat（D）however（A）attack（B） praise（C） emphasis（D）way（A）act（B） play（C） impose（D）perform（A）almost（B） me
8、rely（C） scarcely（D）seldom（A）as（B） which（C） that（D）what（A）list（B） name（C） recall（D）rank（A）paid（B） constituted（C） contributed（D）comprised（A）when（B） while（C） where（D）that（A）urge（B） reluctant（C） long（D）hesitate（A）important（B） serious（C） worse（D）better（A）aptitude（B） latitude（C） longitude（D）gratitude（A）Th
9、us（B） But（C） Whereas（D）Furthermore（A）serves（B） involves（C） matters（D）works（A）isnt（B） does（C） is（D）doesnt（A）ascribe（B） attribute（C） subscribe（D）prescribe（A）condescend（B） transform（C） convert（D）transcend（A）whether（B） that（C） why（D）howGrammar21 _this information, they sat down again to wait.（A）After gi
10、ven（B） On giving（C） Having been given（D）After having to give22 The fuel must have been finished, _the engine stopped.（A）since（B） as（C） because（D）for23 He often sat in a small bar drinking considerably more than_.（A）was good for his health（B） his health was good（C） his good health（D）was in good healt
11、h24 It would be surprising for_any objections to the proposal.（A）not to be（B） it not to be（C） there to be no（D）there not to be25 Peter used to live in London, _?（A）usednt he（B） wasnt he（C） didnt he use（D）didnt he use to26 Mr. White works with a chemicals import and export company, but he_for this in
12、dustrial fair, since he is on leave.（A）has worked（B） works（C） has been working（D）is working27 She managed to save_she could out of her wages to help her brother.（A）how little money（B） so little money（C） such little money（D）what little money28 While John_, his brother is playing records.（A）reads（B） i
13、s reading（C） has read（D）has been reading29 Rod is determined to get a seat for the concert_it means standing in a queue all night.（A）as if（B） even if（C） provided（D）whatever30 My wallet is nowhere to be found. I_it when I was on the bus.（A）must drop（B） had dropped（C） must have dropped（D）should have d
14、roppedPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)30 Scientific Method is a term denoting the principles that guide scientific research and experimentation, and also the philosophic bases of those principles. Whereas phil
15、osophy in general is concerned with the why as well as the how of things, science occupies itself with the latter question only, but in a scrupulously rigorous manner. The era of modern science is generally considered to have begun with the Renaissance, but the rudiments of the scientific approach t
16、o knowledge can be observed throughout human history.Definitions of scientific method use such concepts as objectivity of approach to and acceptability of the results of scientific study. Objectivity indicates the attempt to observe things as they are, without falsifying observations to accord with
17、some preconceived worldview. Acceptability is judged in terms of the degree to which observations and experimentations can be reproduced. (1)_ By such reasoning processes, science attempts to develop the broad laws- such as Isaac Newtons Law of Gravitation that become part of our understanding of th
18、e natural world.Science has tremendous scope, however, and its many separate disciplines can differ greatly in terms of subject matter and the possible ways of studying that subject matter. No single path to discovery exists in science, and no one clear-cut description can be given that accounts for
19、 all the ways in which scientific truth is pursued. One of the early writers on scientific method, the English philosopher and statesman Francis Bacon, wrote in the early 17th century that a tabulation of a sufficiently large number of observations of nature would lead to theories accounting for tho
20、se operations the method of inductive reasoning. (2)_A closer approach to the method commonly used by physical scientists today was that followed by Galileo in his study of falling bodies. Observing that heavy objects fall with increasing speed, he formulated the hypothesis that the speed attained i
21、s directly proportional to the distance traversed. Being unable to test this directly, he deduced from his hypothesis the conclusion that objects falling unequal distances require the same amount of elapsed time. This was a false conclusion, and hence, logically, the first hypothesis was false. Ther
22、efore Galileo framed a new hypothesis: that the speed attained is directly proportional to the time elapsed, not the distance traversed. (3)_Such agreement of a conclusion with an actual observation does not itself prove the correctness of the hypothesis from which the conclusion is derived. It simp
23、ly renders the premise that much more plausible. (4)_This inner consistency constitutes the basis for the concept of causality in science, according to which every effect is assumed to be linked with a cause.Scientists, like other human beings, may individually be swayed by some prevailing worldview
24、 to look for certain experimental results rather than others, or to “intuit“ some broad theory that they then seek to prove. (5)_ In this way the scientific method prevails.A Essentially modern scientific methods and results appeared in the 17th century because of Galileos successful combination of
25、the functions of scholar and artisan.B Scientific developments during the 18th century paved the way for the following “century of correlation, “ so called for its broad generalizations in science.C Scientific method also involves the interplay of inductive reasoning (reasoning from specific observa
26、tions and experiments to more general hypotheses and theories) and deductive reasoning (reasoning from theories to account for specific experimental results).D The scientific community as a whole, however, judges the work of its members by the objectivity and rigor with which that work has been cond
27、ucted.E At about the same time, however, the French mathematician and philosopher Rene Descartes was attempting to account for observed phenomena on the basis of what he called clear and distinct ideasthe method of deductive reasoning.F The ultimate test of the validity of a scientific hypothesis is
28、 its consistency with the totality of other aspects of the scientific framework.G From this he was able to infer that the distance traversed by a falling object is proportional to the square of the time elapsed, and this hypothesis he was able to verify experimentally by rolling balls down an inclin
29、ed plane.36 After decades of exile from US courts, the science of lie detection is gaining new acceptance. But the federal government wants to put a stop to it, and the US Supreme Court has now agreed to consider a request from the Department of Justice to bar the technology from military courts.Unc
30、ertainties surround the science of lie detection, which uses a device called polygraph. In 1991, President George Bush banned lie detector evidence in military courts. But that ban has since been overturned by the US Court of Military Appeals, which ruled that it restricts defendants rights to prese
31、nt evidence of their innocence.In the past two years, some federal courts have also ruled that polygraph evidence can be heard. This follows a decision by the Supreme Court in 1993 that gave federal judges more discretion to decide on the admissibility of evidence.A polygraph consists of monitors fo
32、r pulse rate, sweating and breathing rate. The device is supposed to uncover lies by recording increases in these measures as the subject answers questions.Critics have always argued that cunning defendants can control their physiological responses and sway polygraph results. But supporters of the t
33、echnique argue that recent research has found it to be reliable. A psychologist named Charles Honts at a state university in Idaho, points to laboratory studies, some of them being his own, in which student-subjects were offered cash to sway the test results.This argument is rejected by Leonard Saxe
34、, a psychologist at a Boston university. “There is a huge difference between students in a lab and a defendant,“ he says. Guilty defendants have time in which to rehearse their lies, and can even come to believe them to be true.Saxe believes that the entire theoretical basis of lie detection is inva
35、lid. “It assumes you will be more nervous lying than telling the truth.“ But he says that for some people lies are trivial, while certain truths can be hard to swallow.David Faigman of the University of California says that if the Supreme Court upholds the military appeal courts decision to allow po
36、lygraph evidence, polygraph bans would be overturned in federal courts across US. “That will put a big burden on judges to understand the science, and lead to a lot more expert testimony in the courts,“ he predicts. The justice department fears that this will greatly increase the cost of trials.36 A
37、ccording to the passage, which organizations raised the proposal to stop the practice of lie detection evidence in military court?_（A）Federal Government（B） US Supreme Court（C） Department of Justice（D）Military Courts37 Why has President Bushs ban on lie detector evidence in military courts in 1991 be
38、en overturned?_（A）Because lie detection is surrounded by uncertainties（B） Because it restricts the defendants rights to prove that they are innocent（C） Because 12 states also allow lie detection evidence to be heard in courts（D）Because federal judges from the Supreme Court make their decisions on th
39、e basis of lie detection evidence38 A lie detector find out that the subject is telling a lie_（A）by detecting and analyzing the subjects physical changes（B） by increasing the subjects pulse rate, sweating and breathing rate（C） by analyzing the answers of the subject to certain questions（D）All of the
40、 above39 What do Charles Honts laboratory studies suggest?_（A）Highly-educated college students can beat the polygraph（B） College students do not want to beat the polygraph（C） Polygraph is reliable（D）Polygraph failed to detect the lies of college students40 Which of the following statements is true a
41、ccording to the passage?_（A）Lie detection evidence has been barred in US military courts since President Bush banned it in 1991（B） Really guilty defendants are more clever than college students（C） Leonard Saxe believes that people are more nervous lying than telling the truth（D）David Faigman is agai
42、nst the use of lie detection evidence in US courts41 In recent years, Microsoft has focused on three big tasks, building robust security into its software, resolving numerous antitrust complaints against it and upgrading its Windows operating system. These three tasks are now starting to collide.On
43、August 27th the firm said that the successor to its Windows XP operating system, code-named Longhorn, will go on sale in 2007 without one of its most impressive features: a technique to integrate elaborate search capabilities into nearly all desktop applications. (On the bright side, Longhorn will c
44、ontain advances in rendering images and enabling different computing platforms to exchange data directly between applications.) It is a big setback for Microsoft, which considers search technology a pillar of its future growthnot least as it competes against Google.The firms focus on securitychampio
45、ned byBill Gates himselftook resources away from Longhorn, admits Greg Sullivan, a lead product manager in the Windows client division. Programmers have been fixing Windows XP rather than working on Longhorn. In mid-August, Microsoft released Service Pack 2, a huge set of free software patches and e
46、nhancements to make Windows XP more secure. Though some of the fixes turned out to have vulnerabilities of their own, the patches have mostly been welcomed. Microsofts decision to forgo new features in return for better security is one that most computer users will probably applaud.Yet ironically, a
47、s Microsoft slowly improves the security of its productsby, for instance, incorporating firewall technology, anti-virus systems and spam filtersits actions increasingly start to resemble those that, in the past, have got the firm into trouble with regulators. Is security software an “adjacent softwa
48、re market“, in which case Microsoft may be leveraging its dominance of the operating system into it? Integrating security products into Windows might be considered “bundling“ which, with regard to web browsing, so excited Americas trustbusters in the 1990s. And building security directly into the op
49、erating system seems a lot like “commingling“ software code, on which basis the European Commission ruled earlier this year that Microsoft abused its market power through the Windows Media Player. Microsoft is appealing against that decision, and on September 30th it will argue for a suspension of the commissions remedies, such as the requirement that it license i
