1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 107 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 One of the most pressing challenges that the United Statesand indeed, the worldwill face in the next few decades is how to alleviate the growing stress
2、that human activities are placing on the environment. The consequences are just too great to ignore. Wildlife habitats are being degraded or disappearing altogether as new developments take up more land. Plant and animal species are becoming extinct at a greater rate now than at any time in Earths h
3、istory. As many as 30 percent of the worlds fish stocks are over-exploited. And the list goes on.Yet, there is reason to have hope for the future. Advances in computing power and molecular biology are among the tremendous increases in scientific capability that are helping researchers gain a better
4、understanding of these problems. Recent developments in science and technology could provide the basis for some major, and timely actions that would improve our understanding of how human activities affect the environment.One priority for research is improving hydrological forecasting. It has been e
5、stimated that the worlds water use could triple in the next two decades. Already, widespread water shortages have occurred in parts of China, India, North Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula. The need for water also is taking its toll on freshwater ecosystems in the United States. Only two percent of
6、the nations streams are considered in good condition, and close to 40 percent of native fish species are rare to extinct. Using a variety of new remote sensing tools, scientists can learn more about how precipitation affects water levels, how surface water is generated and transported, and how chang
7、es in the landscape affect water supplies.To prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases in plants, animals, and humans, more study is needed on how pathogens, parasites, and disease-carrying speciesas well as humans and other species they infectare affected by changes in the environment. The overuse o
8、f antibiotics both in humans and in farm animals has contributed to the growth of antibiotic-resistant micro organisms. Researchers can take advantage of new technologies in genetics and computing to better monitor and predict the effects that environmental changes might have on disease outbreaks.Hu
9、mans have made alterations to Earths surfacesuch as tropical deforestation, reduction of surface and ground water, and massive developmentso dramatic that they approach the levels of transformation that occurred during glacial periods. Such alterations cause changes in local and regional climate, an
10、d will determine the future of agriculture. Recent advances in data collection and analysis should be used to document and better understand the causes and consequences of changes in land cover and use.1 The expression “And the list goes on. “(line 6, para. 1)is used to suggest that_.（A）there are ma
11、ny more ways in which humans are hurting the environment（B） environmental degradation is continuing unabated（C） the total of animal and plant species facing extinction are too numerous to list（D）in addition to fish, many other plant and animal species face over-exploitation by humans2 The poor condi
12、tion of streams in the U. S. can be attributed to_.（A）overfishing of native fish species（B） lack of up-to-date monitoring equipment（C） the demand for water in the U.S.（D）the global water shortage3 Which of the following does the author NOT suggest as an important area for research?（A）How precipitati
13、on affects water levels.（B） How to prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases.（C） How urban development affects the environment.（D）How the industrial pollution impacts the environment.4 Throughout the text, the author mainly emphasizes_.（A）the need for more federal funding of environmental scientific
14、research（B） the role of science in alleviating environmental degradation（C） the role technology could play in environmental research（D）the extent of damage humans have wrought on the environment5 The last paragraph suggests that_.（A）local and regional climates have not fluctuated so much since the g
15、lacial periods（B） the future of agriculture has nothing to do with land Usages（C） until recently, very little information was documented about changes and consequences of land usage（D）current human transformations of the land surface is of almost unprecedented scale5 Competitors complain that Micros
16、ofts recent settlement of their antitrust case with the federal government will do little to protect them or consumers from the software giants monopoly power. But they hold out hope that state attorney generals could make the deal more restrictive. “My guess is that all Bill Gates could do was to s
17、uppress a big grin when he held his press conference this morning,“ said Mitchell Kertzman, chief executive of Liberate Technologies, a rival provider of software for interactive TV. “This settlement doesnt come close to matching the scope of the violations of antitrust law that Microsoft has been c
18、onvicted of,“ he added. “It was an inexplicably bad deal for the government.“Microsoft and the Justice Department presented the settlement to a federal judge Friday, saying it would end the antitrust case in a way that would help the sagging economy. U.S. District Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly agreed
19、 to review it and gave the 18 states involved in the case until Tuesday to decide whether to accept the plan.Several competitors called on the state attorney generals to insist on making changes to the settlement. Sun Microsystems general counsel, Michael Morris, said the Justice Department was “wal
20、king away from a case they had already won.“ Paul T. Cappuccio, the general counsel for AOL Time Warner, said the settlement “Does too little to promote competition and protect consumers, and can too easily be evaded by a determined monopolist like Microsoft.“The state attorney generals had been pre
21、ssing for stiffer penalties, but on Friday, several said progress had been made. Among the key elements of the settlement, Microsoft would have to:Help rivals make products compatible with the Windows operating system, which runs 91% of the worlds computers.Stop using exclusive deals with computer s
22、ellers to put competitors at a disadvantage.Let three in-house, independent experts monitor its compliance.“Were quite disappointed. We believe there are a lot of issues that havent been addressed, said Michael Mace, chief officer of handheld computer maker Palm, which makes an operating system that
23、 competes with one from Microsoft. Several tech executives said the settlement was too focused on restricting Microsofts Windows monopoly, and not its broader business practices and non-PC initiatives.“This is a reward, not a remedy. It fails to terminate the illegal monopoly and fails to unfetter t
24、he market from anticompetitive conduct,“ said Kelly Jo MacArthur, general counsel for RealNetworks, which makes music and video software threatened by Windows Media Player.“This agreement allows a declared illegal monopolist to determine, at its sole discretion, what goes into the monopoly operating
25、 system in the future,“ she added.6 We can infer from the teit that the main issue behind Microsofts antitrust case is the need_.（A）to boost a sagging economy（B） to limit the reach of Microsofts Windows operating system（C） to prevent Microsoft from monopolizing the computer industry（D）for Microsoft
26、to assist its competitors in making products compatible with Windows7 The comment from Michael Morris(para. 3)implies that the Justice Department_.（A）had just wrapped up a successful case（B） missed a chance to more stringently regulate Microsoft（C） was leaving most of the work to the state attorney
27、generals involved（D）had fulfilled in their mission to protect business competition8 The fourth paragraph suggests that most of the state attorney generals_.（A）were under pressure from Microsofts competitors to demand changes in the settlement（B） felt that the settlement was at least partially succes
28、sful（C） felt the penalties against Microsoft were too harsh（D）believed that the settlement was a sign of progress for the computer industry9 What provision of the settlement is meant to ensure its enforcement?（A）The review of a federal judge.（B） The review and approval by 18 state attorney generals.
29、（C） The monitoring by independent experts installed at Microsoft.（D）The watchful eyes of Microsofts numerous competitors.10 This text is mainly about_.（A）the role of the federal government in managing disputes in the technology industry（B） Microsofts settlement of their antitrust case with the feder
30、al government（C） Microsofts monopoly over the computer industry（D）competitors responses to Microsofts antitrust settlement10 Stadiums have been built, tickets have been sold and London is nearly ready for the 2012 Olympics. But the sporting extravaganza is also an immense logistical challenge that d
31、epends on getting the holders of 8.8m tickets into their seats and 280,000 athletes, dignitaries and staff into position over the course of 17 days. The citys residents and workers are used to its crowded, sticky public-transport system. But on the busiest days Londons network will have to support a
32、n extra 3m journeys, Olympic organisers predict.Transport planning has been central to Olympic preparations ever since the Atlanta games of 1996, when athletes nearly missed events and competitions were delayed after coaches got lost. Olympic bids must now include detailed travel plans. Londons sche
33、me is far-reaching: the site for the Olympic park in east London was chosen partly for the ten Tube and rail lines that feed the area.But calculations of the Olympics supposed economic benefits to Britain often neglect the hidden costs of constraining ordinary business. Although local demand is lowe
34、r in August, Transport for London(TfL), which oversees most of the capitals transit systems, says making room for Olympic traffic will require at least a 30% drop in “background“ travelthe usual movement of Londons 8m-strong population. People are being asked to stockpile goods, don walking boots or
35、 cycle helmets, or stay at home.Londons predicament is acute. Unlike in previous Olympic cities such as Sydney, Athens or Beijing, events will take place in the heart of the city, as well as within a few miles of the centre. So for nearly three weeks Britains only high-speed train line will be comma
36、ndeered to shuttle an estimated 10,000 spectators an hour between Kings Cross in central London, the Olympic park at Stratford and a giant car park in Kent. The 150,000 commuters on that line will face fewer trains and slower journeys to more distant destinations. Rail services in south London will
37、also be cut back to allow for longer stops at the Olympic sites.Roads will be ceded to visiting dignitaries. Because Olympic stadiums have no parking spaces, spectators must walk, cycle or use public transport to reach them. But athletes, officials, sponsors and the media will be ferried by road; th
38、e organisers have guaranteed that the nine-mile trip from central London to the Olympic park will take less than 25 minutes.To make this possible, 109 miles of Londons main arteries will operate as a special Olympic network, with exclusive lanes in some places. “It would be fairly disastrous if Usai
39、n Bolt was stranded on the A40,“ says a TfL spokesman. But less than 15% of those using such routes will be athletes, and closing pedestrian crossings, cycle lanes and right turns to speed up traffic will do little to spur the hoped-for walking and cycling brigade of ordinary Londoners.11 It can be
40、indicated in Paragraph 1 that_.（A）London is prepared for the 2012 Olympic Games in every aspect（B） London Olympic Games will be hosting the most ever athletes（C） Londons transport system will be under great pressure during the Games（D）selling 8.8m Olympic tickets in such a short time is miraculous12
41、 By mentioning the 1996 Olympic Games, the author intends to_.（A）criticize that the Atlanta Games was unfair due to the absence of some athletes（B） state that its critical to make thorough transport scheme to host the Olympic Games（C） manifest that the site picking of London is far better than that
42、of Atlanta（D）prove that Olympic bids must take tube and rail construction into account13 According to Paragraph 4, the common commuters will suffer from slower journeys because_.（A）they have to detour to more distant places before reaching destinations（B） the Olympic Games will take place far away f
43、rom the city center（C） trains in the southern part of London will make longer stops at the Olympic sites（D）government takes over the high-speed rail for use of transporting the audiences14 Which of the following would the author most probably agree?（A）Traffic lines in some places will be only used f
44、or Olympic transport.（B） Spectators will be able to get to the stadiums by driving within 25 minutes.（C） Great efforts has been made to encourage ordinary people to walk and cycle.（D）109 miles of Londons main roads will be enough to transport athletes like Bolt.15 The authors attitude towards the tr
45、ansportation of London during the 2012 Olympic Games is one of_.（A）satisfaction（B） indignation（C） skepticism（D）positiveness15 College graduates are now leaving school with not only a diploma, but also with more debt than in any other period in history. According to the College Board, average financi
46、al aid per full time equivalent student adjusted for inflation, has almost doubled in the last decade. Additionally, not only is the average student debt load higher, but the number of loans originated increased by nearly fourfold. Thus student lending has increased in breadth as well as depth, doub
47、ly impacting the financial situations of those students who must depend on student loans to finance their education.Furthermore, these figures no doubt understate the true level of indebtedness incurred by students and their families since some undoubtedly finance part of their education and living
48、expenses through the use of consumer loans, home equity loans or credit cards. Thus, the already huge burden of student loan debt incurred by students and their families is exacerbated by financial obligations from other sources.This situation is the outcome of a precarious combination of easy credi
49、t, thanks to card issuers who are eager to tap into this lucrative market, financial naivete on the part of students, and a sense on both sides that, if worse comes to worse, mommy and daddy will step in and set things right. All combine to make credit a tempting lure to students strapped for cash.Most students in the United States attend colleges whose tuition do not exceed $15,000, however. Nevertheless, rising prices, combined with stagnant income gains among low-and moderate-income
