1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 172 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Beyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic energy, which he called “drives“: aggression and
2、libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious univ
3、ersal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freuds drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly ref
4、erred to as emotions, the modern suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it als
5、o involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventral tegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Pankse
6、pp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause
7、 a general desire for something new. “What I was seeing,“ he says, “was the urge to do stuff. “ Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in t
8、he world of objects,“ says Solms. “Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically. “ Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REMrapi
9、d eye movementwhich is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the vent
10、ral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “seeking“ emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libidowhich is just what Freud had believed.Freuds psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be the most coherent and, from the
11、 standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes,“ says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it. “ Perhaps its not a matt
12、er of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.1 Freud believed that aggression and libido（A）were the only two sources of psychic energy.（B） could sometimes surface in our conscious life.（C） affected our behaviour unconsciously.（D）could appear clearly in our dreams.2 Which of the follo
13、wing terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?（A）Emotion.（B） Lust.（C） Seeking.（D）Urge.3 Jaak Panksepps study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive（A）originates in the limbic system.（B） involves parts of the forebrain.（C） controls how we respond to stimulus.（D）exists in many other animals.4
14、 According to Mark Solms, dreaming（A）takes place during the whole sleeping period.（B） involves a primitive part of the brain known as the pons.（C） is closely related to the “seeking“ emotion.（D）starts at the same time as libido appears.5 It can be inferred that Freud and Darwin are similar in that t
15、heir theories（A）have long been discredited.（B） provide good guide for further research.（C） are placed in the same category.（D）are concerned about human being.5 Mention the word “multinational“, and most people think of borderless mobilityof companies at home everywhere and nowhere, moving huge quant
16、ities of men, money and materials around the globe in the restless pursuit of profit. Aurelio Peccei, a director of Fiat, once claimed that the multinational corporation was “the most powerful agent for the internationalization of society“. Carl Gerstacker, sometime chairman of Dow Chemicals, confes
17、sed that he had “long dreamed of buying an island owned by no nation and of establishing the world headquarters of the Dow company on the truly neutral ground of such an island, beholden to no nation or society“.Mention of the word “multinational“ also makes people think of global productsof consume
18、rs in Greenwich Village and some village in Bengal drinking identical soft drinks. Theodore Levitt, a marketing guru at Harvard Business School, once argued that companies no longer need to be so “respectful“ of local quirks and peculiarities, and that global companies can sell the same thing in the
19、 same way anywhere.Multinationals should beware of following Mr. Levitt down this path. After a brief flirtation with globalization, companies such as Nestle and Unilever now realize that their local managers represent an invaluable resource. General Electric has broken with its strict practice of d
20、ividing its operations into global product lines by setting up a regional headquarters in Asia. Even the most powerful global brand has had to bow before local differences. People in the south of Japan like their Coca-cola slightly sweeter than people in Tokyo, and the company obliges. PepsiCo was p
21、uzzled why one of its best-selling products, “7-Up“ remained on the shelves in Shanghai until it discovered that, in the local dialect, the phrase means “death through drinking“. Even those pillars of American Puritanism, IBM and Disney, have dropped their strict no-alcohol policy in France. Philips
22、 Morris has had to make local adjustments to its familiar advertising symbol, Marlboro man: In Hong Kong the advertisement focuses on the horse, because the man reminds locals of coolie, and in Argentina the man was dropped entirely for a while, because cowboys were regarded as low-class wasters. Co
23、mpanies are also learning to their cost that the apparent convergence between different cultures has not gone as far as they thought. EuroDisney failed to take off, among other things, because the company assumed that Micky Mouse and other cartoon characters would be familiar in Europe as they are i
24、n the U. S. , and did not invest nearly enough in promoting their product.6 By citing the example of Aurelio Peccei, the author intends to（A）prove “multinational“ means borderless mobility.（B） explain the role of multinational corporation in internationalization of society.（C） describe some peoples
25、desired model of future multinational corporations.（D）illustrate some peoples misunderstanding of “multinational“.7 According to the author, multinationals should（A）sell the same thing in the same way everywhere.（B） pay attention to local and cultural differences.（C） start a global production line.（
26、D）establish a neutral area.8 By saying “Even those pillars of American Puritanism, IBM and Disney, have dropped their strict no-alcohol policy in France. “(Lines 9-10, Paragraph 3), the author means（A）IBM and Disney used to believe in Puritanism.（B） IBM and Disney have begun to sell alcohol in Franc
27、e.（C） IBM and Disney have had to give way to French alcohol companies.（D）IBM and Disney have had to make local adjustments to their products in France.9 Which of the following statements is true?（A）People in the south of Japan prefer sweet drinks while people in Tokyo like bitter ones.（B） 7-Up sold
28、badly in Shanghai because local people didnt like the name of this drink.（C） 7-Up remained on shelves in Shanghai because local people didnt like drinking.（D）The Marlboro ad focused on the horse in Hong Kong because cowboy means coolie in the local dialect.10 From the failure of EuroDisney we can le
29、arn that（A）Europeans dont like Disneys cartoon characters.（B） American and European cultures are not convergent at all.（C） America and Europe have not so much in common as the company thought.（D）not all people around the world like cartoons.10 Just as stress is a natural reaction to a sense of dange
30、r, experiencing chronic stress is a natural response to feeling besieged by the demands of modern life. “Youre not a weak person because you react negatively to stress,“ explains Dr. Yehuda. “I think this myth of the superwoman that can do everything and handle everything still abounds, and women fe
31、el that they should be able to deal with everything that theyre asked to. And its too much. So, it is actually a measure of their strength that they know when theyre in over their heads, or when they need a little support. “Help can come in many forms, from simply taking time out for relaxation, to
32、seeking counseling or a support group. But you have to identify the sources of stress in your life. Everyone is different, and what stresses one person might not bother another. “Poorer coping mechanisms have to do with unleashing an inordinate or disproportionate amount of anger and emotion on the
33、straw that broke the camels back,“ Dr. Yehuda cautions. “Sometimes a woman may yell at her child for saying, Can I have something to eat? because of the accumulation of stress from the day. So anger management is an important skill to develop. Or, taking drugs and alcohol are particularly bad ways o
34、f coping because then youre going to have to deal with the negative consequences of having taken the alcohol or drugs. “Finding positive ways to cope with the sources and effects of stress will depend on your individual circumstances, and often employing a combination of methods will be most effecti
35、ve. You can start simple: some centuries-old relaxation techniques such as yoga and massage are proven stress reducers.Behavioral and cognitive therapies teach skills for recognizing your stress triggers and reacting in productive ways. “In a coping or skill-building class, theyre going to learn tec
36、hniques that they can take home and use in whatever their situation may be, that are going to help them to calm down, to feel more in control of the situation,“ explains Beth OBoyle, a stress-reduction instructor.Stress is natural, and you cant always eliminate the sources of stress in your life, bu
37、t you can change how they affect you. As Dr. Smoller observes, “You know, life is stressful. Certainly emotional turmoil is part of it. And what kind of empty life would we have if we had no calls on our inner resources? The issue is, how are we going to deal with that stress, and how do we build up
38、 our inner resources so we can deal with it? So were emotionally resilient , so we dont break every time a wind hits us. “11 The phrase “besieged by“(Line 2, Paragraph 1)most probably means（A）irritated by.（B） surrounded by.（C） restrained by.（D）confined by.12 Which of the following is true according
39、to the text?（A）People can hardly reduce the sources of pressure.（B） Even training classes are not effective in offering skills to deal with pressure.（C） One should first know the sources of stress while asking for help.（D）Taking drugs and alcohol, though bad ways of coping with pressure, might be ef
40、fective.13 Dr. Yehuda suggested women should（A）know when theyre overloaded.（B） do less housework.（C） be less involved in chores around.（D）not try to be a superwoman.14 Dr. Yehuda mentioned the possibility of a woman yelling at her child to show that（A）people should learn to manage themselves.（B） eat
41、ing could release ones pressure sometimes.（C） it is important to learn to manage their anger.（D）people should not show their anger in front of the children.15 The text intends to tell us（A）one can eliminate the sources of stress.（B） how to deal with the pressure in life.（C） how to manage our emotion
42、s.（D）how to keep a balanced life under stress.15 Young people often wonder at the large number of employers who do not respond to their applications for jobs. They say that despite enclosing return envelopes they hear nothing at all or, at best, an impersonal note is sent declaring that the post for
43、 which they applied has been filled. Applicants often develop the suspicion that vacancies are earmarked for friends and relatives and that advertisements are only put out to avert this accusation. Many of them are tired of writing around and feel that if only they could obtain an interview with the
44、 right person their application would meet with success.Not to acknowledge applicants letters is impolite and there seems little excuse for this. Yet even sending brief replies to the many who apply takes much time and money. That so-called return envelope may not have been stamped by the sender, an
45、d a hard-pressed office manager may be reluctant to send off long letters of explanation to disappointed job-hunters. A brief note is all that can be managed and even that depends on the policy of the firm. But this difficulty is reasonably easy to remove with a little goodwill.The failure of an app
46、lication is far more often the fault of the applicant, for many applicants do not set about their task in the right way. They do not study the job requirements deeply enough and dispatch applications to all and sundry in the hope that one will bear fruit. The personnel manager of a textiles manufact
47、urer for example advertised for designers. He was willing to consider young people without working experience provided they had good ideas. The replies contained many remarks like this: “At school I was good at Art“, “I like drawing things“ and even “I write very interesting stories“. Only one appli
48、cant was sensible enough to enclose samples of her designs. She got the job.Personnel managers emphasize the need for a good letter of application. They do not look for the finest writing paper or perfect typing, but it is reasonable to expect legible writing on a clean sheet of paper, not a piece t
49、orn roughly from an exercise book.As soon as the applicant is lucky enough to receive an invitation to attend an interview, he should acknowledge the letter and say he will attend. But the manager does not end there. The wise applicant will fill in the interval making himself familiar with the activities of the company he hopes to join. Some applicants have not the faintest idea what the company does and this puts them at a great disadvantage when they come to answer the questions that will be put to them in the interview.Finally, the way an applicant pre
