1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 185 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 AThe Davos crowd is stunned by this turn of events. The recent highprofile layoff announcements in the global car industry only added to the grim realiz
2、ation. Of course, the hollowing out of manufacturing in the industrial world has been underway for more than 30 years. But in a year when the World Economic Forum is celebrating the emergence of China and India, their impacts on the global labor market are hitting home as never before. After all, if
3、 India is to services as China is to manufacturing, what does the future hold for high-wage workers in the developed world?BThe toughest part of this story is that there may be no easy way out. Thats because the Internet has changed the rules of engagement for globalization. It has revolutionized th
4、e logistics of supply-chain management, accelerating the diffusion of global manufacturing and making possible offshore outsourcing in once nontradable industries. The globalization of information services is migrating quickly up the value chain, from its start in call centers and data processing fi
5、ve years ago to software programming, design, medicine, accounting and other professions.CThis is a big shift, but not surprising. One of the“wins“in the win-win of globalization has failed to materialize. Job creation and real wages in the mature, industrial nations have seriously lagged behind his
6、torical norms. It is now common for economic recoveries to be either jobless or wagelessor both. That this has occurred in the midst of accelerating globalization is all the more disconcerting.DThe speed of this transformation turns the win-win models of globalization inside out. For generations we
7、harbored the belief that while painful, it was also understandable for rich countries to lose market share in manufacturing activities. This was never viewed as a serious threat because the developed world was blessed with a growing profusion of highly educated knowledge workers employed in nontrada
8、ble service industries. Rich countries would be able to buy cheaper things from poor countries, thereby expanding the purchasing power of an increasingly knowledge-based work force. And as producers in the developing world turned into consumers, these new markets would provide nothing but opportunit
9、y for the industrial world.EIt was one thing for this to happen to the structurally impaired economies of Europe and Japan. But now it is occurring in the worlds most flexible economythe United States. Gains in U. S. worker compensationby far the biggest component of overall personal incomehave lagg
10、ed while productivity growth has soared. As several Davos panelists stressed, this defies a basic premise of economicsthat labor is always paid in accord with its productivity. Yet over the first 48 months of the current expansion, private-sector compensation in the United States has increased only
11、12 percent in inflation-adjusted terms. By contrast, over comparable periods of the past four business cycles, real gains in private compensation averaged 20%.FThose hopes have now been dashed. Yet I dont believe that global leaders would be so foolish as to repeat the all-out tariff battles that le
12、d to the Great Depression. The more likely danger is that a growing distrust of the Indias and Chinas will lead industrial nations to squander the greatest opportunities of globalization. For example, any U. S. move to discourage trade with China would amount to a cut in American consumer purchasing
13、 power, by redirecting trade to higher-cost trade partners, like Mexico.GThe world economic forum in Davos is the cradle of the modern globalization paradigm: the“win-win“proposition that the development of poor countries is a huge plus for rich countries. This consensus has often been challenged by
14、 street protests at Davos, and the summit has often worried itself over the impact of globalization on poor economies. But this time was different. Tough questions were raised about the assumed benefits of globalization for rich economies.Order:5 AHe also empathized with Mozarts ability to continue
15、to compose magnificent music even in very difficult and impoverished conditions. In 1905, the year he discovered relativity, Einstein was living in a cramped apartment and dealing with a difficult marriage and money troubles. That spring he wrote four papers that were destined to change the course o
16、f science and nations. His ideas on space and time grew in part from aesthetic discontent. It seemed to him that asymmetries in physics concealed essential beauties of nature; existing theories lacked the“architecture“and“inner unity“ he found in the music of Bach and Mozart.BFrom 1902 to 1909, Eins
17、tein was working six days a week at a Swiss patent office and doing physics research in his spare time. But he was also nourished by music, particularly Mozart. And just as Mozarts antics shocked his contemporaries, Einstein pursued a notably Bohemian life in his youth. His studied indifference to d
18、ress and mane of dark hair, along with his love of music and philosophy, made him seem more poet than scientist. He played the violin with passion and often performed at musical evenings.CAs a boy Einstein did poorly in school. Music was an outlet for his emotions. At 5, he began violin lessons but
19、soon found the drills so trying that he threw a chair at his teacher, who ran out of the house in tears. At 13, he discovered Mozarts sonatas. The result was an almost mystical connection, said Hans Byland, a friend of Einsteins from high school. “When his violin began to sing, “Mr. Byland told the
20、biographer Carl Seelig, “the walls of the room seemed to recedefor the first time, Mozart in all his purity appeared before me, bathed in Hellenic beauty with its pure lines, roguishly playful, mightily sublime. “DIn his struggles with extremely complicated mathematics that led to the general theory
21、 of relativity of 1915, Einstein often turned for inspiration to the simple beauty of Mozarts music. “Whenever he felt that he had come to the end of the road or into a difficult situation in his work, he would take refuge in music, “recalled his older son, Hans Albert. “That would usually resolve a
22、ll his difficulties. “In the end, Einstein felt that in his own field he had, like Mozart, succeeded in unraveling the complexity of the universe.EEinstein once said that while Beethoven created his music, Mozarts “was so pure that it seemed to have been ever-present in the universe, waiting to be d
23、iscovered by the master. “Einstein believed much the same of physics, that beyond observations and theory lay the music of the sphereswhich, he wrote, revealed a “ pre-established harmony“ exhibiting stunning symmetries. The laws of nature, such as those of relativity theory, were waiting to be pluc
24、ked out of the cosmos by someone with a sympathetic ear. Thus it was less laborious calculation, but “pure thought “to which Einstein attributed his theories. Einstein was fascinated by Mozart and sensed an affinity between their creative processes, as well as their histories.FLast year, the 100th a
25、nniversary of E = mc2 inspired an outburst of symposiums, concerts, essays and merchandise featuring Albert Einstein. This year, the same treatment is being given to another genius, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, born on Jan. 27, 250 years ago.GThough a Classical giant, Mozart helped lay groundwork for th
26、e Romantic with its less precise structures. Similarly, Einsteins theories of relativity completed the era of classical physics and paved the way for atomic physics and its ambiguities. Like Mozarts music, Einsteins work is a turning point.Order:10 AThe Labor Department expects two million new jobs
27、this year on top of the 1. 7 million created last year. Helping to fuel what could be the hottest job market so far in the 21st century: massive rebuilding on the Gulf Coast and stepped-up gas and oil exploration and drilling amid higher energy prices.BThat isnt bad. Meanwhile, headhunters report so
28、aring demand for accountants, engineers, financial planners, physical therapists, computer support specialists, advertising executives, real estate professionals and sales and marketing managers especially, for that last group, those with international experience. “The pendulum has swung back in fav
29、or of workers, “ says Richard Bayer, chief operating officer of the Five Olock Club, an outplacement service based in New York. His typical client today lands a job offer in under 10 weeks, versus more than 13 weeks the past few years.CIncreasingly, it looks that way. The last half-decade has been p
30、unishing for job seekers, and industries like media, airlines and autos wont exactly brim with openings for many years to come. But things are looking up in other areas. Jobless claims this week hit their lowest level in six years. The unemployment rate has nudged below 5%a robust readingand the pac
31、e of corporate job cuts has been shrinking for six months.DSo this shapes up as a good time to dust off your resume. And when you do, remember that the game has changed. The old deal was that your company paid you a decent, but not great, wage through thick and thin. You didnt get rich; you didnt ge
32、t fired. But now even profitable companies shed long-time employees at the first whiff of trouble. “Think like a free agent, “ says John Challenger, who runs outplacement firm Challenger Grey their prices will stablize soon. Housing activity will continue to slowbut from a pace that everyone knew wa
33、s unsustainable. The national median home price rose a blistering 13% last year. The next three years, predicts Doug Duncan, chief economist at the Mortgage Bankers Association, price gains will equal their long-run average of 5% to 6% each year.FAt the height of dotcom mania, a lot of folks found i
34、t easy to hold up the boss for a raise. Give me what Im worth or Ill pack up my family pictures and head to BigDreams. com with the threat. It worked for a while. Then BigDreams. com went bust, the economy went with it, and working stiffs have been pining for the glory days of easy job-hopping and f
35、at pay hikes ever since. Are those days coming back?GThis is also a great time to start your own business or take a flyer with a small firm, where you have the best shot at negotiating equity, a bonus or, say, flex-time if thats important to you. If it doesnt work out, you can always go back to the
36、big company(theyre hiring, remember?). Its time to rediscover your worth. Some employers already have.Order:15 ATo some extent, this public hostility is well deserved. The bankruptcies of Enron in the U. S. and Parmalat in Italy last week, the gyrations of Japans stock market following news of alleg
37、ed financial wrongdoing by Internet company Livedoor have focused attention on corporate misdeeds on three continents. Revelations about how the Washington lobbyist Jack Abramoff allegedly bought influence in the U. S. Congress have made a mockery of claims for clean government. The U. N. is struggl
38、ing to recover from its own high-level corruption scandal relating to the oil-for-food program in prewar Iraq. And, at a time when stock markets are booming, the global economy is growing at its fastest clip in three decades and chief executives are cutting themselves huge paychecks, ordinary people
39、 the world over have cause to complain about being locked out of the party.BCorporations seeking to rebuild their image can always open their checkbooks. For example, oil giant Royal Dutch Shell, excoriated in the 1990s for polluting the Niger Delta, is spending millions of dollars to combat malaria
40、 and aids in Africa, and is funding other initiatives aimed at improving the lives of those affected by oil exploration. Other firms have tried to make their peace with often-critical NGOs. British oil company BP, French retailer Carrefour and Swedish packaging manufacturer Tetra Pak are working wit
41、h the World Wildlife Fund on environmental issues.CTaken to an extreme, distrust gnaws away at some of the fundamentals of modern society. Why vote if all politicians are charlatans? Why work if all companies are crooked? Today, “Anyone with a beef can start a conspiracy theory, “says Frank Furedi,
42、a controversial sociology professor at Britains University of Kent, who argues that deference to traditional authorities is being replaced by reverence for new ones. “We dont trust politicians but we have faith in the pronouncements of celebrities. We are suspicious of medical doctors but we feel co
43、mfortable with healers who mumble on about beingholisticandnatural. We certainly dont trust scientists working for the pharmaceutical industry but we are happy to listen to the disinterested opinion of a herbalist. “DIn a poll last December, just 1% of French voters said they wanted President Jacque
44、s Chirac to stand for reelection in 2007. Some of Chiracs peers may be smirking at his plight, but perhaps they should take note. For the French Presidents rock-bottom ratings are an extreme example of a corrosive trend in public opinion that poses just as much of a threat to U. S. President George
45、W. Bush, British Prime Minister Tony Blair and leaders of dozens of other countries, as well as to the heads of global institutions and corporations from IBM to the International Monetary Fund(IMF). A recent poll of more than 20, 000 people in 20 countries revealed that public trust in national gove
46、rnments, the U. N. and multinational companies dropped significantly over the past two years.ESo whats the solution? Transparency and a willingness to listen and adapt can help. While Novembers unrest and arson attacks affected many suburbs around Paris, the town of Issy-les-Moulineaux to the south
47、of the French capital was largely spared. There, Mayor Santini has bet heavily on technology infrastructure in a successful bid to attract international firms such as Hewlett-Packard and Cisco Systems. Hes also used technology to interact more openly with Issys 63,000 residents. Issy was the first F
48、rench town to start an Internet-based local TV service, and last December it held an online election for councilors for Issys four districts. Candidates campaigned via their own blog pages and discussed issues with voters through the towns website. Such measures have bolstered Santinis local support
49、: he won a landslide victory in the last municipal elections.FClarity of purpose can help with political leaders, just as it can with companies. Frustrated by constant blockage of his plans to reform the countrys financial system last year including by members of his own party Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi appealed over the heads of the naysayers to the public, and won a landslide election victory. The only trouble: sometimes, clear leadership engenders not too little trust,
