1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 190 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Many will doubt tobacco industry claims that it is sharpening its science to evaluate “healthier cigarettes“. But thats what will happen if the US Food
2、and Drug Adrninistration (FDA) gets the job of regulating the industry, as a Senate vote on the issue was expected to decide this week. Then the health agency will be placed in the bizarre situation of deciding whether to approve newversions of products that have killed millions.Radicals will argue
3、that the only way of preventing tobacco-related death and disease is to ban cigarettes, not encourage more tobacco products onto the marketeven if they might be safer. However, a ban is unlikely, and so helping people to quit, dissuading teens from smoking in the first place and helping people avoid
4、 second-hand smoke should remain at the heart of health policies. Such measures have already cut the number of US smokers from around 50 per cent of the population in the 1960s to around 20 per cent todaybut this is still well short of the US governments target of 12 percent by 2010.Abstinence canno
5、t be the only policy, however. Pragmatists will see the sense of safer cigarettes. There is a hard core of people who cannot or will not give up, and safer cigarettes could also help in poorer parts of the world, where more and more people are taking up smoking: the World Health Organization predict
6、s that by 2030 more than 80 per cent of tobacco-related deaths will be in low to middle-income countries.We need to find new ways of cutting the risks of tobacco. Nicotine replacements are one solution; reduced-harm products like modified cigarettes might be another. Without robust science to back u
7、p the claims of safety, however, they could make things worse, as has happened before. The marketing of “light“, “ultra-light“ and “low-tar“ cigarettes led many smokers to believe that these were healthier alternatives to stronger brands, yet we now know that they cause just as much cancer. The toba
8、cco industry has a poor history of transparency when it comes to research.Tobacco companies are now developing biomarkers to assess risk more accurately. They should be applauded, but only if they are prepared to subject their research to tough examination. FDA regulation may force them to do this.
9、It should also make the labeling of cigarettes even clearer, so that consumers understand the relative risks. Only good science can cut through the smokescreen that for decades has obscured the hazards of cigarettes.1 From the first two paragraphs we know that（A）it is impossible for the tobacco indu
10、stry to make safer cigarettes.（B） the US Food and Drug Administration is going to ban smoking.（C） discouraging people from smoking should be the first priority.（D）the US government has met its target of reducing the smoking population.2 When it comes to smoking, pragmatists believe（A）people should b
11、e encouraged to smoke considering economic interests.（B） it is sensible to introduce safer cigarettes since many people wont quit（C） the US government should spare no effort to ban smoking in public.（D）the tobacco industry should export cigarettes to undeveloped countries.3 The marketing of “light“,
12、 “ultra-light“ and “low-tar“ cigarettes is mentioned to（A）introduce some kinds of safer cigarettes.（B） prove that its possible to cut the risks of tobacco.（C） illustrate the inability of tobacco industry to do science research.（D）show that the claimed safer cigarettes are risky.4 It is important for
13、 FDA to regulate the tobacco industry in that（A）it will impose tough examination on the tobacco industry in the US.（B） it has stronger scientific methods to boost Americas tobacco industry.（C） it can evaluate the risks in the tobacco industry more accurately.（D）it will introduce policies to ban smok
14、ing in the public places in the US.5 Which adjective best describes the authors attitude towards tobacco industry?（A）Radical.（B） Supportive.（C） Objective.（D）Disgustful.5 It was supposed to be the new-media election. E-mail, blogging, social networking and tweeting were expected to surge in importanc
15、e and perhaps to decide the race. Something else has happened. Britains first television debate, on April 15th, was followed by a ten-point swing to the Liberal Democrats. The debate and its aftermath dominated political news for several days and has transformed the race. It is a triumph for old med
16、ia.There were signs even before the debate that new media were not living up to expectations. A survey carried out during the first week in April by the National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts (NESTA) found that 79% of Britons could not recall seeing any online electioneeringnot even
17、 an e-mail. The organization concluded that politicians were failing to take advantage of new medias huge potential to engage with voters. Perhaps. Or perhaps this is to confuse novelty with importance. For several reasons, traditional media are rather good at delivering political messages.The first
18、 television debate, on ITV, was watched by 9.4m Britons. That works out to 37% of the prime-time audiencebetter than the share of Americans who watched the first round between John McCain and Barack Obama in 2008. Television is the only technology that can reach so many people in a single day. But o
19、thers are not far behind. Although their circulation has declined, newspapers still reach large audiences. The Sun, which supports the Conservatives, is read by 8m people each day. Bycomparison, much-touted social media like Twitter are so niche as to be almost invisible.And old media take up a big
20、proportion of peoples leisure time. Each televised debate lasts for 90 minutes. The average reader spends 40 minutes with his daily newspaper and an hour with the Saturday and Sunday papers. It takes just seconds to read an e-mail or a politicians tweet. One must make some heroic assumptions about t
21、he appeal of digital media to think they influence people as much as traditional outlets.Unlike the internet, newspapers and television tilt towards the old, with fully 47% of the audience for the first debate being aged 55 or older. Advertisers are less keen to reach the old than the young, which i
22、s one reason newspapers are losing money. But an aged audience is precisely what politicians want. The old are much more likely to vote than the young. Of course, the television debates have been circulated through tweets and e-mails, just as they have been dissected by newspapers. New media are han
23、dy for firing up committed supporters, too. But when it comes to reaching the voters who matter, the old technologies are still the best.6 In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by（A）posing a contrast.（B） explaining a phenomenon.（C） making a analogy.（D）citing an example.7 The auth
24、or mentions the survey conducted by NESTA to show that（A）around 80% of the British people forget online-electioneering.（B） new media are not as effective as expected in the election.（C） most politicians have not put the new media into full play to win voters.（D）the novelty of the new media should no
25、t be confused with its importance.8 The underlined word “others“ in Paragraph 3 refers to（A）other countries（B） the Americans.（C） large audiences.（D）other media.9 It is indicated in Paragraph 4 that（A）old media waste people more time than digital media do.（B） digital media are superior to old media i
26、n terms of rapidity.（C） digital media are more appealing and interesting than old media.（D）traditional media are more influential than digital media.10 We know from the text that old media are favored by politicians in that（A）they cost less money.（B） the politicians themselves are old.（C） they are t
27、he finest.（D）they can help to win the aged voters.10 John Stuart Mill argued in the 19th century that an individual should be free to do as he pleased, so long as he did not harm anyone else. The ban on smoking in pubs, bars and company carsin effect, in all enclosed public spacesthat came into effe
28、ct in England in 2007 was informed by such thinking. Brought in to protect the health of non-smokers who worked in or frequented such places, it seems to have worked. Research published on June 9th this year shows that, since the ban, fewer people have been admitted to hospital with symptoms of a he
29、art attack.Second-hand smoke from a burning cigarette is far more noxious than the nicotine-infused fumes inhaled by the smoker. In the minutes after a neighbor has lit a cigarette, a passive smokers chances of suffering an immediate heart attack rise rapidly as toxins in the fug make his blood stic
30、kier. His long-term risk also rises, as narrowing arteries threaten him with heart disease and his chances of developing lung cancer and numerous other nasties also increase.Anna Gilmore of the University of Bath and her colleagues looked at how many people were admitted to hospital with a heart att
31、ack in England between 2002 and 2008. About 110,000 people are struck down each year; almost a fifth of them die before they reach hospital, and a further tenth within a month of going into one. Ms Gilmore and her team found that, in the 12 months after the smoking ban came into force, some 1,200 fe
32、wer people were admitted to hospital with heart attacks than even the prevailing downward trend had suggested was likely. That drop of 2.4% saved 8.4m in emergency hospital care.When the ban took effect, England was the largest jurisdiction to forbid smoking in enclosed public spaces. Studying a lar
33、ge population tends to give a more accurate result than studies of smaller places such as Scotland, parts of Italy and New York state, where more impressive reductions have been claimed. When the town of Helena, in Montana, banned smoking for six months, for example, hospital admissions for heart at
34、tacks almost halved from seven to less than four a month. Ms Gilmore reckons her figure, which covers far more people, is more robust.Because heart disease is the most common cause of death in wealthy countries, even a relatively small reduction in heart attacks is good news for a great many people.
35、 In Britain, the freedom to smoke remains, but not at the expense of others.11 Which of the following behaviors would John Stuart Mill most probably approve?（A）Indulging in candy and ice-cream.（B） Snoring during a conference.（C） Keeping a stray child to ones own.（D）Enjoying oneself drunk driving.12
36、According to Paragraph 1, the ban on smoking in England（A）is applicable to all public places.（B） was proposed by John Stuart Mill.（C） aims to protect the smokers health.（D）has achieved some good results.13 Second-hand smoke from a burning cigarette（A）consists of nicotine-infused fumes.（B） wont be in
37、haled by passive smokers.（C） increases its inhalers disease risk.（D）produces toxins in the inhalers blood.14 Its indicated in Paragraph 3 that the smoking ban（A）was brought into force in 2008.（B） reduces 1200 heart attacks per year.（C） drops heart attacks by 2.4% in 2008.（D）fulfills its purpose beyo
38、nd expectation.15 Anna Gilmore regard their research as more convincing in that it（A）is authorized by the largest jurisdiction.（B） has a broader coverage of study subjects.（C） is believed by many to be more accurate.（D）is conducted in more specific places.15 Is athlete prowess attained or innate? Th
39、ose who have suffered the scolding of a tyrannical games master at school might be forgiven for doubting the idea that anyone and everyone is capable of great sporting achievement, if only they would put enough effort into it. Practice may make perfect, but not all are built in ways that make it wor
40、th bothering in the first place.The latest evidence of this truth has been gathered by Sabrina Lee of Simon Fraser University in Vancouver and Stephen Piazza at Pennsylvania State University. They have looked at the anatomy of sprinters and found that their feet are built differently from those of c
41、ouch potatoes.They looked at seven university sprinters who specialize in the 100-metre dash and five 200-metre specialists, and compared them with 12 non-athletic university students of the same height. In particular, they looked at the sizes of bones of the toes and heel. They also used ultrasonic
42、 scanning to measure the sliding motion of the Achilles tendons (the tendon inside the back of your leg just above your heel) of their volunteers as their feet moved up and down. This allowed them to study the length of the lever created by the tendon as it pulls on the back of the heel to make the
43、foot bend and push off the ground.Dr Lee and Dr Piazza found that the toes of their sprinters averaged 8.2cm in length, while those of non-sprinters averaged 7.3cm. The length of the lever of bone that the Achilles tendon pulls on also differed, being a quarter shorter in sprinters. These findings s
44、uggest sprinters get better contact with the ground by having longer toes. That makes sense, as it creates a firmer platform to push against. In a sprint race, acceleration off the block is everything.The reason for the difference in the Achilles tendons, though, is less immediately obvious. At firs
45、t sight, sprinters might be expected to have more Achilles leverage than average, not less. First sight, however, is wrong. When muscles have to contract a long way, they usually do so quickly and with little force. When contracting short distances, though, they move more slowly and generate more fo
46、rce. Having a short Achilles lever allows the muscles that pull on the tendon to generate as much as 40% more force than the same muscles in a non-sprinter would be able to manage.It is possiblejustthat these anatomical differences are the result of long and rigorous training. But it is unlikely. Fa
47、r more probable is that the old saying of coaches, that great sprinters are born not made, is true. Everyone else, games masters included, should just get used to the idea.16 According to Paragraph 1, the idea that practice makes perfect（A）is suspected by all the athletes.（B） owes success to efforts
48、 rather than gifts.（C） explains the brilliant skills of most athletes.（D）isnt accepted by* tyrannical games masters.17 Dr Lee and Dr Piazza found that the feet of the sprinters are different from those of（A）unskilled coaches.（B） clumsy athletes.（C） exerciseless non-athletes.（D）specialists from other
49、 fields.18 Longer toes of a sprinter are helpful in that they enable him to（A）touch the ground more safely.（B） contract muscles more quickly.（C） have a better starting speed.（D）generate more force in the feet.19 We can learn from this text that the advantages of a sprinter come from（A）his longer toes and shorter lever of bone.（B） his special feet as a result of years of practice.（C） his stronger muscles and better endurance.（D）his professional training and inborn gifts.20 Which of the following best summarizes the text?（A）Perfection will come through practice
