1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 226 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Like the flu, a persons emotional state can be contagious. Watch someone cry, and youll likely feel sad; think about the elderly, and youll tend to walk
2、 slower. Now a study suggests that we can also catch someone elses irrational thought processes.Anyone whos lost money on a house in need of repair may have suc-cumbed to a classic economic fallacy known as “sunk costs.“ You make a bad investment in a home thats never going to sell for more than you
3、 put in to it, yet you want to justify your investment by continuing to throw money into renovations. One way to avoid this hole is to get advice from someone who has no self-interest in the project. But is the outsider still somehow susceptible to your mindset?To find out, social psychologist Adam
4、Galinsky of Northwestern University and colleagues asked college students to take over decision-making for a person they had never metand who they didnt know was fake. The volunteers were split into two groups: one that felt some connection with the decisionmaker and another that didnt.In one experi
5、ment, the volunteers watched the following scenario play out via text on a computer screen: the fake decision-maker tried to outbid another person for a prize of 356 points, which equaled $4.45 in real money. The decision-maker started out with 360 points, and every time the other bidder raised the
6、stakes by 40 points, the decision-maker followed suit. Volunteers were told that once the decision-maker bid over 356 points, he or she would begin to lose some of the $12 payment for participating in the study.When the decision-maker neared this threshold, the volunteers were asked to take over bid
7、ding. Objectively, the volunteers should have realized thatlike the person who makes a bad investment in a housethe decision-maker would keep throwing good money after bad. But the volunteers who felt identification with the fake player made almost 60% more bids and were more likely to lose money th
8、an those who didnt feel a connection.Galinsky believes that the results suggest that companies trying to reverse results of bad decisions should find true outsiders. He points to troubled automaker Ford as an example. Instead of hiring from withinas General Motors (GM) recently didFord made Alan Mul
9、ally from Boeing, an aerospace company, their chief executive officer. Many experts believe that Ford is now recovering quicker than GM. “Its true that insiders have more knowledge,“ Galinsky says. “But when you are already down the road of a failed course of action, you really need. a true outsider
10、.“1 According to a study, another persons irrational mindset is characterized as_.（A）emotional（B） infectious（C） justifiable（D）susceptible2 Its indicated in Paragraph 2 that a person who has made a bad investment is prone to_.（A）calculate the costs and profits before making a further step（B） persuade
11、 others to believe that he has made a wise decision（C） persist in putting more money into the project（D）consult with some investment experts for advice3 Which of the following is true of the experiment conducted by Galinsky?（A）The participating students turn out susceptible to the mindset of the dec
12、ision-maker.（B） The students were supposed to outbid another person for a prize of 356 points.（C） The volunteers each were paid 12 dollars for participating in the experiment.（D）The volunteers actually lost all their payment because they made worse investment.4 Galinskys experiment has found that _.
13、（A）there is no true outsider because they may catch irrational thought processes（B） most investors generally tend to throw good money after bad investment（C） people will become irrational after they have lost money in investment（D）some outsiders may still catch the irrational mindset of the decision
14、-makers5 In the last paragraph, Galinsky suggests that _.（A）a company should seek help from outsider to reverse the downfall（B） Ford out-performed General Motors in times of trouble（C） outsiders are better decision-makers than insiders to get a recovery（D）a company should use a true outsider to avoi
15、d sunk costs5 You are what you eat, or so the saying goes. But Richard Wrangham, of Harvard University, believes that this is true in a more profound sense than the one implied by the old proverb. It is not just you who are what you eat, but the entire human species. And with Homo sapiens, what make
16、s the species unique in Dr. Wranghams opinion is that its food is so often cooked.Cooking is a human universal. No society is without it. No one other than a few faddists tries to survive on raw food alone. And the consumption of a cooked meal in the evening, usually in the company of family and fri
17、ends, is normal in every known society. Moreover, without cooking, the human brain (which consumes 20-25% of the bodys energy) could not keep running. Dr. Wrangham thus believes that cooking and humanity have developed alongside. In fact, as he outlined to the American Association for the Advancemen
18、t of Science (AAAS), in Chicago, he thinks that cooking and other forms of preparing food are humanitys “killer application“: the evolutionary change that underpins all of the otherand subsequentchanges that have made people such unusual animals.Humans became human, as it were, with the emergence 1.
19、8 million years ago of a species called Homo erectus. This had a skeleton much like modern mansa big, brain-filled skull and a narrow pelvis and rib cage, which imply a small abdomen and thus a small gut. Hitherto, the explanation for this shift from the smaller skulls and wider pelvises of mans ape
20、like ancestors has been a shift from a vegetable-based diet to a meat-based one. Meat has more calories than plant matter, the theory went. A.smaller gut could therefore support a larger brain.Dr. Wrangham disagrees. When you do the sums, he argues, raw meat is still insufficient to bridge the gap.
21、He points out that even modern “raw foodists“, members of a town-dwelling, back-to-nature social movement, struggle to maintain their weightand they have access to animals and plants that have been bred for the table. Pre-agricultural man confined to raw food would have starved.Start cooking, howeve
22、r, and things change radically. Cooking alters food in three important ways. It breaks starch molecules into more digestible fragments. It “denatures“ protein molecules, so that their amino-acid chains unfold and digestive enzymes can attack them more easily. And heat physically softens food. That m
23、akes it easier to digest, so even though the stuff is no more calorific, the body uses fewer calories dealing with it.6 It can be inferred from the first paragraph that_.（A）what you eat exerts little impact on who you are（B） the food makes Homo sapiens different from others（C） Homo sapiens often coo
24、ked its food（D）Homo sapiens cook food in a unique way7 Dr. Wrangham holds the view that _.（A）cooking is a human universal without exception（B） the human brain could not work without food（C） eating cooked meat should be accompanied by family（D）humanity is a precondition for development of cooking8 It
25、 is stated that humans had changed from their apelike ancestors to Homo erectus probably because（A）they could support a larger brain with smaller gut（B） they had a narrow pelvis and rib cage（C） they began to eat meat（D）they took cooked meat as the staple of diet9 Dr. Wrangham quotes the example of “
26、raw foodists“ to show that _.（A）raw foodists face problems to maintain weight（B） raw foodists also consume meat and vegetables（C） raw meat is not enough to narrow the gap（D）raw meat is harmful to modern “raw foodists“10 Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（A）The Evolution of
27、Human Beings（B） The Evolutionary Role of Cookery（C） The Great Importance of Cookery（D）The Significance of Meat-based Diet10 A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine estimated that there are an average of 30 in-flight medical emergencies on U.S. flights every day. Most of them are not
28、 grave; fainting, dizziness and hyperventilation are the most frequent complaints. But 13% of themroughly four a dayare serious enough to require a pilot to change course. The most common of the seriousemergencies include heart trouble (46%), strokes and other neurological problems (18%), and diffic
29、ult breathing (6%).Lets face it: plane riders are stressful. For starters, cabin pressures at high altitudes are set at roughly what they would be if you lived at 5,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level. Most people can tolerate these pressures pretty easily, but passengers with heart disease may experi
30、ence chest pains as a result of the reduced amount of oxygen flowing through their blood. Low pressure can also cause the air in body cavities to expandas much as 30%. Again, most people wont notice anything beyond mild stomach cramping. But if youve recently had an operation, your wound could open.
31、 And if a medical de-vice has been implanted in your bodya splint, a tracheotomy tube or a catheterit could expand and cause injury.Another common in-flight problem is deep venous thrombosisthe so-called economy-class syndrome. When you sit too long in a cramped position, the blood in our legs tends
32、 to clot. Most people just get sore calves. But blood clots, left untreated, could travel to the lungs, causing breathing difficulties and even death. Such clots are readily prevented by keeping blood flowing; walk and stretch your legs when possible.Whatever you do, dont panic. Things are looking u
33、p on the in-flight-emergency front. Doctors who come to passengers aid used to worry about getting sued; their fears have lifted somewhat since the 1998 Aviation Medical Assistance Act gave them “good Samaritan“ protection. And thanks to more recent legislation, flights with at least one attendant a
34、re starting to install emergency medical kits with automated defibrillators to treat heart attacks.Are you still wondering if you are healthy enough to fly? If you can walk 150 ft or climb a flight of stairs without getting winded, youll probably do just fine. Having a doctor close by doesnt hurt, e
35、ither.11 Heart disease takes up about _ of the in-flight medical emergencies on US flights.（A）13%（B） 46%（C） 18%（D）6%12 According to Paragraph 2, the expansion of air in body cavities can result in_.（A）heart attack（B） chest pain（C） stomach cramping（D）difficult breathing13 We can learn from Paragraph
36、3 that deep venous thrombosis usually happens because _.（A）the economy class is not spacious enough（B） there are too many economy-class passengers（C） passengers are not allowed to walk during the flight（D）the low pressure in the cabin prevents blood flowing smoothly14 According to the 1998 Aviation
37、Medical Assistance Act, doctors who came to passengers aid _.（A）do not have to be worried even if they give the patients improper treatment（B） will not be submitted to legal responsibility even if the patients didnt recover（C） are assisted by advanced emergency medical kits（D）will be greatly respect
38、ed by the patient and the crew15 The phrase “getting winded“ (Para. 5) is closest in meaning to “_“.（A）falling over（B） being out of breath（C） spraining the ankle（D）moving in a curving line15 A meager diet may give you health and long life, but its not much funand it might not even be necessary. We m
39、ay be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we dont start to diet until old age. Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouses liver genes can be made to behave as they did whenthe mouse was young simply
40、by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation wont reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.Spindlers team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations. Three more mi
41、ce were switched from the normal diet to half-feed for a month when they were 34 months oldequivalent to about 70 human years. The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with thi
42、ngs like inflammation and free radical productionprobably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives, 27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 p
43、ercent of these gene changes. “This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,“ says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington, D.C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful. “Theres attracting
44、and tempting evidence out there that it will work,“ he says. If it does work in people, there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example.A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make
45、sure a drug is effective.But Spindler isnt sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, they live longer, but theyre hungry,“ he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, its still hard to go to a restaurant and say: I can only eat half of that.“ Spindler hopes we soon wont need to diet at
46、 all. His company, Life Span Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.16 Which of the following is true according to the first paragraph?（A）Eating less than usual might make us live longer.（B） If we go on a diet when old, we may not keep healthy.（C） D
47、ieting is necessary if you want to live a long life.（D）We might have to begin dieting from an early age.17 An elderly mouse is mentioned to _.（A）describe the influence of old age on mice（B） illustrate the effect of a meager diet on mice（C） tell us how mices liver genes behave（D）inform us of the proc
48、ess of metabolizing drugs18 What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice from the text?（A）They will not experience free radical production.（B） They will experience more genetic changes in their lifetime.（C） They have more liver genes to behave like young genes.（D）They are more likely to s
49、uffer from inflammation.19 In the experiment, the most interesting finding the researchers got is that _.（A）elderly mice can benefit much from dieting（B） about half of the genes continued to behave young（C） calorie restriction plan also works in people（D）dieting can make drug effective20 According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that _.（A）calorie restriction is very important to people（B） seeing the effect of a diet, people will eat less than normal（C） die
