1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 253 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 An alarming one fifth of all Medicare patients discharged from the hospital end up back in the hospital within 30 days, and fully a third return within
2、90 days. If this yo-yoing could be greatly reduced, Medicare could save billions of dollars. Many patients would certainly benefit from the better care.High rates of rehospitalization are partly the fault of the hospitals. The more fundamental problem is the fragmented nature of the American medical
3、 system: too often, healthcare providers fail to communicate with one another, patients fall between the cracks and no one seems clearly in charge of a patients welfare.A new analysis by three researchers, published in The New England Journal of Medicine, estimated that unplanned rehospitalizations
4、among fee-for-service beneficiaries cost Medicare $ 17. 4 billion in fiscal year 2004, which is a big chunk of the $ 102. 6 billion that Medicare paid hospitals that year. Most patients were readmitted for problems other than those that led to their original hospitalizations. Surgical patients, for
5、example, were typically readmitted for such medical conditions as pneumonia, heart failure or bacterial infections. Some of these readmissions may have been unavoidable in an elderly, sick population. But many could surely have been prevented through better planning and coordination.The most disturb
6、ing finding was that half of the medical(nonsurgical)patients readmitted within 30 days had not seen a physician for follow-up care after they were discharged. They were apparently left on their own, perhaps with poorly understood instructions from the hospital on how to take care of themselves.Ther
7、e was also wide variation in readmission rates between hospitals and between states: only 13 percent of patients were readmitted within 30 days in Idaho, compared with 22 percent in Maryland. That suggests that there is plenty of room for improvement. The rates were adjusted to compensate for the se
8、verity of patients illnesses, so hospitals and states with high readmission rates cant easily blame caring for sicker patients.Proposed solutions include better discharge planning by hospitals, more effective education of patients and closer cooperation between hospitals and physicians to ensure fol
9、low-up care.The Obama administration, as part of its ambitious health care reform, has proposed that Medicare use incentives and penalties to encourage hospitals and doctors to cooperate in overseeing care from hospitalization through the first 30 days after discharge. The administration estimates t
10、he approach could save $ 26 billion over 10 years. It is a sound idea that should also improve the lives of patients.1 The phrase “this yo-yoing“ in the 1st paragraph refers to_.（A）the percentage of Medicare patients in hospitals（B） the huge cost of Medicare for patients in hospitals（C） the better c
11、are Medicare patients will benefit from（D）high rates of readmission of patients into hospitals2 The rates of rehospitalization are high mostly because of _.（A）the negligence of duty of health-care providers（B） the imperfection of the American medical system（C） the invisible crack.s between hospitals
12、 and patients（D）the lack of communication among Medicare patients3 According to the new analysis. Medicare_.（A）has to pay for the medical cost of elderly, sick population（B） remains roughly unchanged for medical patients since 2004（C） pays a huge amount of money each year for rehospitalization（D）fai
13、ls to give due care to the patients discharged from hospitals4 The readmissions of patients into hospitals usually result from_.（A）the lack of follow-up care after they were discharged from hospitals（B） the same problems as those leading to their original hospitalizations（C） their failure to compreh
14、end the health-care instructions hospitals provider（D）such unavoidable medical conditions as pneumonia, or bacterial infections5 To lower the rates of rehospitalization, the Obama administration suggests_.（A）a new approach for Medicare to save more money（B） the use of various means to improve follow
15、-up care（C） a sound idea to greatly improve the lives of patients（D）more effective education of both doctors and patients5 Depression manifests itself in different forms. Some feel sad, others become agitated and aggressive. While some lose their appetite, others hinge eat. Some may have disturbed s
16、leep and others may find it hard to stay awake. Social withdrawal, diminished sex drive, suicidal tendencies and lack of concentration are some other tell-tale symptoms of depression. “No two patients have identical symptoms,“ says Dr. Vihang Wahia, a practising psychiatrist in Mumbai.Of course, all
17、 human beings have variations in their moods. Scientists describe mood as an amalgam of emotions such as anxiety, anger, pride, love, pain or joy that a person feels over a period of time.The emotions of feeding sad, unhappy or disappointed are part of a human beings normal existence. Such emotions
18、are often associated with failure in academics, break-up of a relationship, setbacks in a financial investment or the death of B loved one. However, depression as a disease sets in when a person fails to bounce back from a personal setback like this. “Diagnosing depression early is very important,“
19、says Dr. Wahia. In most mild cases of depression. patients can be brought back to normality just by good counselling. “Clearing some cobwebs of life is all that required,“ he observes. But its different in the case of those who suffer from moderate to severe depression. Certain changes occur in thei
20、r brains and, in addition to counselling, they require medication to help re-wire the brain.It is estimated that 5-10 percent of the Indian population suffers from depression at any given time. And women seem to be more prone to the disease than men. The risk of developing depression is 10-20 percen
21、t in women and slightly less in men. What s more, the male to female ratio for developing depression is between 1 : 2 and 1 : 3, says Dr Dhanesh K. Gupta, associate professor. This is because women undergo frequent hormonal changes in the reproductively active years of their life.In India one of the
22、 major problems in treating the growing incidence of depression is the fact that it is often not diagnosed at all. Either the doctor fails to see its severity in a patient or patients simply dont come out and report their condition. Of course, more patients come forward with the problem now than ear
23、lier, when it used to be viewed as a social stigma. But even so, many cases are not reported early enough. As Dr. Rajesh Sagar, associate professor of psychiatry, says, “Depression is grossly underdiagnosed and under-treated in India. “6 The underlined word “amalgam“ in the third paragraph most prob
24、ably means_.（A）an amount of something（B） a mixture of different things（C） a difficult or unpleasant situation（D）the way you feel at a particular time7 If a person _, he may develop a severe depression.（A）fails to recover from a serious setback（B） feels sad, unhappy or disappointed（C） goes broke and
25、is down and out（D）suffers the death of a loved one8 In moderate or severe cases of depression, patients can be cured by（A）psychotherapy（B） early diagnosis（C） good counselling（D）appropriate medication9 The higher risk of developing depression in women is clue to _,（A）the influence of their hormonal c
26、hanges（B） the gender-based proclivities of women（C） the long reproductive period of their life（D）their fragile health and weak constitution10 The chief difficulty in treating depression is that（A）patients are ill informed about it（B） it is thought of as a social stigma（C） there is a lack of timely d
27、iagnosis（D）people are not aware of its severity10 The field of animal emotions, an area of focus in the scientific discipline concerned with the study of animal minds called cognitive ethology, has changed a great deal in the last 30 years. When 1 first began my studies centering on the question, “W
28、hat does it feel like to be a dog or a wolf?“ researchers were almost all skeptics who spent their time wondering if dogs, cats, chimpanzees and other animals felt anything. Since feelings dont fit under a microscope, these scientists usually didnt find any and as I like to say, Im glad 1 wasnt thei
29、r dog! But today the question of real importance is not whether animals have emotions, hut why animal emotions have evolved the way they have. In fact, the paradigm has shifted to such an extent that the burden of “proof“ now falls to those who still argue that animals dont experience emotions. My c
30、olleagues and I no longer have to put tentative quotes around such words as “happy“ or “sad“ when we write about an animals inner life.Many researchers also recognize that we must be anthropomorphic(attribute human trails to animals)when we discuss animal emotions hut that if we do it carefully and
31、biocentrically(from the animals point of view), we can still give due consideration to the animals position. As Professor Robert Sapolsky, a world renowned ethologist and neuroscientist and author of A Primates Memoirs notes about his anthropomorphic tendencies when he describes baboon behavior: “On
32、e hopes that the parts that are blatantly ridiculous will be perceived as such. Ive nonetheless been stunned by some of my more humorless colleaguesto see that they were not capable of recognizing that. The broader answer, though, is Im not anthropomorphizing. Part of the challenge in understanding
33、the behavior of a species is that they look like us for a reason. That s not projecting human values. That s primatizing the generalities that we share with them. “ No matter what we call it, researchers agree that animals and humans share many traits, including emotions. Thus, were not inserting so
34、mething human into animals, but were identifying commonalities and then using human language to communicate what we observe. Being anthropomorphic is doing whats natural and necessary to understand animal emotions.Over the years, Ive noticed a curious phenomenon that I call anthropomorphic double-ta
35、lk. If someone says that an animal is happy, no one questions it, but if someone says that an animal is unhappy, then charges of anthropomorphism are immediately raised and sceptics ask, “How do you know this?“ This is especially true of people who try to justify keeping animals in zoos or using the
36、m for invasive research. Of course, seeing positive emotions is as anthropomorphic as seeing negative emotions, but some people just dont get it.11 By saying “Im glad I wasnt their dog“, the author means that _.（A）those scientists know little about the feelings of animals（B） feelings can scarcely be
37、 studied with a microscope（C） few scientists know what it feels like to be a dog（D）animals are often mistreated by scientists12 In the first paragraph, “the paradigm has shifted to such an extent“ means that _,（A）some people still argue that animals dont have emotions（B） most researchers today know
38、little about animal emotions（C） few researchers fail to recognize that animals have emotions（D）cognitive ethnology has been developed rapidly in the last 30 years13 The author feels less unrestrained when talking about animal emotions because _.（A）most animals have emotions as strong as human beings
39、 do（B） most colleagues are on his side when talking about animals（C） animals usually have mixed, and even conflicting emotions（D）the view of animal emotions has become much more popular14 According to Professor Robert Sapolsky,_.（A）no human traits cannot be attributed to animals（B） animals and human
40、s have commonalities, such as emotions（C） animal emotions should be discussed from their point of view（D）the study of animal behavior has nothing to do with human values15 Some people are reluctant to hear “an animal is unhappy“ for the reason that_.（A）they usually prefer positive emotions to negati
41、ve ones（B） the emotions animals have are usually happy rather than sad（C） animals experience more happy emotions than unhappy ones（D）they refuse to stop using animals for the benefit of their own15 It takes a whole galaxy of things to make you happy. Happiness is a state you feel when you have no pr
42、oblems, worries, doubts or other negative things affecting your life. You do not need to receive great news, excitement or wealth: it comes from enjoying life whatever it brings. Someone who has mastered the art of happiness will enjoy sitting with a cup of coffee and a cheese sandwich. The person w
43、ho has mastered being sad will always want more and dream of more but never achieve it.A person who has won a fortune on the lottery might be happy, but if they then begin to worry about the best way of looking after that money, whether or not to invest all of it or most of it, where to invest it or
44、 how to get rid of the many people who pester them for hand outs, their happiness might be short lived. Another person might be happy because they enjoy their job, have some great friends and a wonderful partner and no debts.In a way the more we want and the more we think we are entitled to, the les
45、s likely we are to be happy. If we can accept that we will have bad days as well as good days, and that nobody s life runs smoothly, then we have the key to happiness. If we are proactive about defining our goals and making them happen we are more likely to be happy.Contrary to popular belief happin
46、ess is not about being rich, young, good looking, fit and healthy. There are people who are blind, very poor and have lots of problems, yet they are happy because they make the most of their lives, concentrate on the good things and do what they can about the bad. Instead of worrying about all sorts
47、 of things that might never happen or dwelling on the negatives in their life, they are grateful for anything good and nice that comes their way. Happiness is about being proud of who you are, respecting yourself, respecting your background, your persona and all that goes with it. Not how much money
48、 you have or how hard you work. Many convince themselves that they will be happy next year or when they retire and have a lot more time. But then when the year is up or they retire they are still not happy. That is because they do not see the good in things.16 The author thinks that a happy person（A
49、）has no problems to worry about（B） has a lot of good things to enjoy（C） is satisfied with everything in life（D）knows how to enjoy his normal life17 The author argues that a sad person（A）suffers from a psychological disorder（B） is dissatisfied with whatever hes got（C） tends to cause sadness or low spirits（D）behaves in an unfortunate manner18 According to the text, a big winner in the lottery（A）chooses to splash the prize money on luxuries（B） feels less satisfactory than an average worker
