1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 450 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so
2、 while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.The high court s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell s trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “offic
3、ial acts,“ or the former governors decisions on “specific“ and “unsettled“ issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.The court did suggest that accepting fa
4、vors in return for opening doors is “distasteful“ and “nasty.“ But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act.“The court s ruling is legal
5、ly sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery. “The basic compact underlying representative government,“ wrote Chief Justice John Robert for the court, “assume
6、s that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.“But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information
7、 or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leaders sources
8、of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic societythat al
9、l are equal in treatment by governmentis undermined. Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.1 The underlined sentence(Para. 1)most probably shows that the
10、court（A）avoided defining the extent of McDonnell s duties.（B） made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.（C） was contemptuous of McDonnells conduct.（D）refused to comment on McDonnell s ethics.2 According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves（A）concrete returns for
11、gift-givers.（B） sizable gains in the form of gifts.（C） leaking secrets intentionally.（D）breaking contracts officially.3 The court s ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are（A）allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.（B） qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic
12、 issues.（C） justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.（D）exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.4 Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to（A）awaken the conscience of officials.（B） guarantee fair play in official access.（C） allow for certain kinds of lobby
13、ing.（D）inspire hopes in average people.5 The author s attitude toward the court s ruling is（A）sarcastic.（B） tolerant.（C） skeptical.（D）supportive.5 In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada , Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high f
14、ashion doesnt affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn t be more
15、 out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Clines three-year indictment of “fast fashion“. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H her example can t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies
16、have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environmentincluding H people will only start shopping more sustainably when they cant afford not to.6 Priestly criticizes her assistant for her（A）poor bargaining skill.（B） insensitivity to fashion.（C） obsession with high fashion.（D）lack of ima
17、gination.7 According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to（A）combat unnecessary waste.（B） shut out the feverish fashion world.（C） resist the influence of advertisements.（D）shop for their garments more frequently.8 The word “indictment“(Para. 2)is closest in meaning to（A）accusation.（B） enthu
18、siasm.（C） indifference.（D）tolerance.9 Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?（A）Vanity has more often been found in idealists.（B） The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.（C） People are more interested in unaffordable garments.（D）Pricing is vital to environment-friend
19、ly purchasing.10 What is the subject of the text?（A）Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.（B） Challenge to a high-fashion myth.（C） Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.（D）Exposure of a mass-market secret.10 France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion indust
20、ry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also a-greed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness“ by promoting extreme dieting.S
21、uch measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to deathas some have done. It tells the fashion industry
22、 that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women(and many men)that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And
23、 perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deepand b
24、one-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the Unite
25、d States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to Frances actions, Denmarks fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other character
26、istics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.“ The charters main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies
27、 to Copenhagen Fashion Week(CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of b
28、eauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.11 According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?（A）Physical beauty would be redefined.（B） New runways would be constructed.（C） Websites about dieting would thrive.（D）The fashion industry would decline.12 The phrase “imping
29、ing on“(Line 2, Para. 2)is closest in meaning to（A）heightening the value of.（B） indicating the state of.（C） losing faith in.（D）doing harm to.13 Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?（A）The French measures have already failed.（B） New standards are being set in Denmark.（C） Models are
30、no longer under peer pressure.（D）Its inherent problems are getting worse.14 A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for（A）setting a high age threshold for models.（B） caring too much about models character.（C） showing little concern for health factors.（D）pursuing perfect physical conditions.1
31、5 Which of the following may be the best title of the text?（A）The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry（B） Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty（C） A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France（D）A Challenge to the Fashion Industry s Body Ideals15 In order to “change lives for the better“ and redu
32、ce “dependency“, George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search“ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefitand then they should report weekly rather than
33、 fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseekers allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on,“ he claimed. “Were doing these things because we know they help people s
34、tay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster“ Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms“ to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to fi
35、nd work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness“protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you dont skip down to the jobcentre w
36、ith a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment
37、 that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependencypermanent depend
38、ency if you can get itsupported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of une
39、m ployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseekers allowance“ is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker“ who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant
40、 receives a time-limited “allowance,“ conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.16 George Osborne s scheme was intended to（A）provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.（B） encourage jobseekers active engage
41、ment in job seeking.（C） motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.（D）guarantee jobseekers legitimate right to benefits.17 The phrase “to sign on“(Para. 2)most probably means（A）to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.（B） to accept the government s restrictions on the allowance.（C） t
42、o register for an allowance from the government.（D）to attend a governmental job-training program.18 What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?（A）A desire to secure a better life for all.（B） An eagerness to protect the unemployed.（C） An urge to be generous to the claimants.（D）A passion to en
43、sure fairness for taxpayers.19 According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel（A）uneasy.（B） enraged.（C） insulted.（D）guilty.20 To which of the following would the author most probably agree?（A）The British welfare system indulges jobseekers laziness.（B） Osborne s reforms will reduce the risk
44、 of unemployment.（C） The jobseekers allowance has met their actual needs.（D）Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 450 答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)【知识模块】 阅读1 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】
45、细节题。根据题干中给出的已知信息可以定位到文章第一段中画线句子。要正确理解划 线的句子需要了解本句中涉及的几个代词和固定表达。句中的 it 指的是上文提到的 the US Supreme Court。代词 so 指代的是上文中提到的overturn the conviction of a former Virginia govemor。while 引导时间状语从句，固定表达 hold ones nose 表示“嗤之以鼻”。把这几个问题解 决了之后，本句的意思就变得明朗了：“然而最高法庭对他的某些行为收受企图接近政府的 企业赠送的劳力士手表和法拉利轿车所涉及的道德问题嗤之以鼻”。那么 C 项“法
46、庭对于麦 克唐纳的行为表示不屑”就是对文章的同义替换。【知识模块】 阅读2 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 细节题。根据题干给出的已知段落可以快速定位到第四段。根据细节题命题特点之一， 转折之后有命题，定位到第四段的 But 转折句，句中 bribery就是 corruption 的同义替换。文章表 明“根据反腐败法规定，公务员必须给行贿人切实的利益反馈才能成为腐败的证据”。A 项是该 句话的同义替换。B 、C、D 三项在文章第四段均没有提及。【知识模块】 阅读3 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 细节题。根据题干关键词 courts ruling，assumption 和 public offic
47、ial 定位到文章第五段最 后一句，assume 可以和题干中的 assumption 进行同义替换。文章定位词之后的内容表述为“代表 制政府的基本契约是建立在：公务员听从选民的意见并且执行选民的意愿”。C 项“(公务员)有 理由满足选民的需要”符合文意，constituents 意为“选民”，可与 supporters“支持者”同义替换。故 C 项为正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读4 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 细节题。根据题干关键词 Well-enforced laws 和 transparency 定位到文章第六段的最后一 句。但是这句话的句首出现了指代 This type of inte
48、grity 引导我们从定位句的前一句找答案。上 句表明：“政府官员不得因个人或集体捐款和私人赠送而在提供信息和安排会议方面出现偏 颇。”换句话说就是要保证官员在执行公务时保证公平公正。所以这道题目的正确答案是 B 项。【知识模块】 阅读5 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 态度题。态度题首先可排除不能人选的选项。A 项“讽刺的”有明显的歧视偏见色彩，B 项 tolerant 无法传达作者的褒贬态度，因此这两个选项可以排除。根据题干细节 courts ruling 可以 定位到最后一段，作者明确表示 “最高法院的裁决是反腐和抑制政府出现偏袒行为的举措”，因 此此题的正解答案是 D 项supporti
49、ve“支持的 ”。【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读6 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 细节题。根据关键词定位到第一段，scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesnt affect her 意为“斥责她那个毫无魅力的助手，因为她的助手认为高级时尚影响不 到她自己”。所以题干 criticizes 是scolds 的同义复现， B 项中的 “insensitivity to fashion”解释了 “imagining that high fashion doesnt affect her”，故选 B 项。A 项“拙劣的讨价还价技巧 ”是针对 bargain bin in which the poor girl 出的干扰项。C 项“痴迷于高级时尚”与原文表述相反。D 项“缺乏 想象力”是针对 imagining 出的干扰项。【知识模块】 阅读7 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 细节题。根据关键词 mass-market labels 定位到第二段。段中these labels encourage style- conscious consumers to see c
