1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 851（无答案）SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fi
2、ll in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.0 ForgettingI. Early researchesHermann Ebbinghaus: a forgetting_【T1】_Other researchers:_fades more slowly【T2】_II. Measuring forgetting an
3、d_in three ways:【T3】_A. _: remembering without external cues【T4】_e.g._questions【T5 】 _B. recognition: identifying_using external cues【T6 】_e.g. true-or-false questions/multiple-choice questionsC_【T7】_e.g. measuring the time saved for second time learning of the same listIII. for forgetting【T8 】_A. i
4、neffective encoding processing information_【T9】_Thinking about the meaning of the concepts results in bettermemory than just reading them.B. _ causing loss of information from sensory and【T10】_short-term memoryC. interference causing loss of_【T11】_a. retroactive interferencemaking it easier to forge
5、t_【T12】_b. _interference【T13】_D. retrieval failure using wrong_【T14】_E. motivated forgetting or psychogenic amnesiarepression: hiding_thoughts and feelings【T15】_in the unconsciousF. physical injury or trauma1 【T1】2 【T2】3 【T3】4 【T4】5 【T5】6 【T6】7 【T7】8 【T8】9 【T9】10 【T10】11 【T11】12 【T12】13 【T13】14 【T14
6、】15 【T15】SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear ONE interview. The interview will be divided into TWO parts. At the end of each part, five questions will be asked about what was said. Both the interview and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After each question there will be a ten-sec
7、ond pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices of A , B , C and D , and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the questions.（A）A nutritionist.（B） A vegetarian.（C） A cook.（D）A vegan.（A）Nuts.（B） Milk.（C） Protein.（D）Seitan.（A）What on
8、e can get from a vegan life.（B） What one should give up in a vegan life.（C） What one should balance in a vegan life.（D）How to cook a vegan dinner.（A）Because it lowers the rate of breast cancer.（B） Because its healthier.（C） Because its readily available.（D）Because its inexpensive.（A）Being a fake vega
9、nist.（B） Enjoying a cold dish of turkey meat from time to time.（C） Changing into a veganist overnight.（D）Holding a quick ceremony before becoming a veganist.（A）Fruits.（B） Grains.（C） Chicks.（D）All of the above.（A）It is the name of a type of protein.（B） It is the name of the guests favorite grocer.（C）
10、 It is the name of a vegetable.（D）It is the name of a meat alternative.（A）Ugh!（B） Whew!（C） Yum-yum!（D）Alas!（A）Not telling them.（B） Making the food delicious.（C） Making veggie dogs which look and taste just like hotdogs.（D）Reasoning with them.（A）Meat alternatives are not easily available in the groce
11、rs.（B） Milk can be replaced by coconut milk in creating equally smooth and creamy taste.（C） It is difficult to make pasta without eggs.（D）Veganists lose weight faster than non-veganists.SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice
12、 questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A , B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.25 A caffeinated bee is a busier bee. Itll work harder to find food, and to communicate the location of said food to other bees. It will, however, m
13、isjudge the quality of the food it finds, and so make its colony less productive. The irony of writing about this as I sip an unwisely strong espresso at 10 pm is not lost on me.The caffeine in coffee might give me a mental kick, but many plants rely on its bitter taste to deter plant-eating animals
14、. Others, however, seem to bait themselves with caffeine, doping their nectar with low concentrations of the stuff. Why add a bitter deterrent to a liquid thats meant to entice and attract pollinators?Geraldine Wright from Newcastle University found one possible answer in 2013, when she showed that
15、caffeine can improve a honeybees memory. Wright fed the insects with caffeine at concentrations that would affect their bodies, but that wouldnt register as a bitter taste. She found that these bees were three times more likely to remember a floral scent. So, by providing caffeine, plants ensure tha
16、t their pollinators are more likely to learn the link between their distinctive scents and the tasty nectar they provide.What about the bees? Do they benefit from being drugged like this? One might think so, because they can more efficiently find the food they need. But Margaret Couvillon from the U
17、niversity of Sussex thinks otherwise.She trained honeybees to forage from two feeders full of sugar water, one of which had been laced with a small amount of caffeine. She found that the caffeinated bees made more visits to the feeders. Once back in the hive, they were more likely to perform the dis
18、tinctive waggle dance that tells other bees where to find food, and they performed the dance more frequently. And this means that a hive which exploits a caffeinated flower will send out about four times as many workers to that flower.That wouldnt be bad if this newly energised armada of workers was
19、 behaving more efficiently. But theyre not. Couvillons team showed that theyre more likely to persist with a caffeinated food source, even when that source no longer becomes useful. They also become faithful to their chosen feeder and become less likely to stray to a different host plant.So, theres
20、the rub. Even though caffeine improves bee memory, it also causes them to overvalue caffeinated plants over decaffeinated ones that offer the same amount of energy. As the team writes, “The effects of caffeine in nectar are akin to drugging, where the pollinators perception of the forage quality is
21、altered, which in turn changes its individual behaviours.“By simulating these effects, Couvillon showed that if 40 percent of plants in the environment produce small amounts of caffeine a realistic proportion bee colonies would produce around 15 percent less honey every day.They still need to test t
22、his prediction in real-world experiments. But if the results check out, it suggests that plants use caffeine not only as a deterrent against undesirable animals, but also as a way of manipulating desirable ones.26 “Mental kick“ in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to_.（A）mental damage（B） me
23、ntal block（C） refreshed mind（D）healthy mind27 Which of the following statements is correct?（A）Some plants use caffeine as a deterrent.（B） Many plants rely on caffeine to scare pollinators away.（C） A caffeinated bee poses a great threat to plants.（D）A caffeinated bee is more likely to estrange itself
24、 from other bees.28 A suitable title for the passage would be_.（A）Caffeine, Bees and Plants（B） Links between Caffeine and Plants（C） Why Is Caffeine Important to Bees（D）Caffeine Makes for Busy Bees, Not Productive Ones28 Some people have a more complicated sensory life than others. Most taste tuna on
25、ly when they eat it. A few, though, taste it when they hear a particular word, such as “castanet“. Others link the color red with the letter “ S“ or make some other inappropriate connection between stimulus and response. Such people are known as synaesthetes, and the phenomenon of synaesthesia has p
26、uzzled brain scientists since it Was recognized over a century ago.Most researchers in the field suspect synaesthesia is caused by crossed wires in synaesthetes brains, but until recently they have had no way to check this hypothesis. However, the development of a technique called diffusion-tensor i
27、maging has changed that. And researchers at the University of Amsterdam have just applied it to the brains of 18 women(the sex more likely to experience synaesthesia)who have the most common form of the condition. This is called grapheme-color synaesthesia. It is a tendency to see letters and number
28、s in color.Diffusion-tensor imaging measures the direction of movement of water molecules. Since the filaments that connect distant nerve cells are surrounded by fatty sheaths which restrict the movement of water, such molecules tend to move along a filament rather than out of it. The upshot is that
29、 the technique can detect bundles of such filaments running from one part of the brain to another.The grapheme-color synaesthesia was chosen to study for two reasons. One was that it is common. The other was because there is a specific hypothesis as to its cause. Earlier brain-scanning studies have
30、shown that the part of the brain which identifies word shape is in an area called the fusiform gyrus. This is next to an area known as V4, which identifies color. Both light up simultaneously in traditional scanners when someone is experiencing grapheme-color synaesthesia, so an inappropriate link b
31、etween them is an obvious thing to look for.Diffusion-tensor imaging did, indeed, show strong connections between these two areas in the brains of the synaesthetes when they slid into the scanner and viewed color-evoking letters and numbers. Other unusual connections showed up too, suggesting the ph
32、enomenon is more complex than had been appreciated. By contrast, the brains of 18 non-synaesthetes matched with the volunteers by age and sex showed no such strong connections.And the revelations went further. Certain types of grapheme-color synaesthetes have more connectivity than others. As part o
33、f the study, researchers asked volunteers to fill out questionnaires about how they experience their color sensations. Some reported seeing color projected on to whatever word or number they were shown. Members of this group are known as “projectors“. Others, known as “associators“ , reported color
34、only in their minds eye. Although both groups of synaesthetes had much more connectivity than non-synaesthetes, projectors had noticeably more again than associators.Researchers are not yet sure what form the stronger connections take. They could be the result of more filaments than normal connectin
35、g the areas in question. Or the filaments might be broader than normal. Or the fatty coatings of the filaments might be thicker, which would amplify the signal passing along them as well as keeping water molecules on the straight-and-narrow.How synaesthesia starts is also unclear. There is evidence
36、of a genetic component but learning must be involved as well. People are not born with the concept of the letter “ A“. And they certainly are not born with a bright-red, cherry-colored “A“ however much it feels, as synaesthetes insist, as though they were.29 We can infer from the first paragraph tha
37、t_.（A）the word “castanet“ has something to do with tuna（B） the letter “S“ can stimulate people to think of the color red（C） the phenomenon of synaesthesia was under study over a century ago（D）synaesthesia involves the stimulation that evokes the sensation of another30 “. the development of a techniq
38、ue called diffusion-tensor imaging has changed that“ suggests that_.（A）technological development has figured out the cause for synaesthesia（B） technological development has proved the hypothesis that synaesthesia is caused by crossed wires in brains（C） technological development has rejected the hypo
39、thesis that synaesthesia is caused by crossed wires in brains（D）technological development has made hypothesis checking possible31 What does the following sentence mean? “And they certainly are not born with a bright-red, cherry-colored A however much it feels, as synaesthetes insist, as though they
40、were.“(Para. 8)（A）Exquisite as the sensation is, there is no connection between colors and the letter “A“.（B） Strong as the sensation is, the connection is not an innate sense.（C） The letter “A“ can initiate the color sensations that synaestheltes claim to be existing all along.（D）Synaestheltes insi
41、st there are intrinsic connections between the letter “A“ and the cherry color.32 The example at the end of the passage seems to suggest_.（A）synaesthesia is partly subject to genetic influence（B） people dont have the concept of the letter “A“ when they are born（C） peoples concomitant sensation is us
42、ually swayed by learning（D）the connection between the color red and the letter “A“ is strong32 Cuckolds are men whose wives gave birth to infants that were blatantly not their own. The well known trickery of the cuckoo, the bird from which “cuckold“ is derived, is as a nest parasite laying eggs for
43、other birds to hatch and raise. New research suggests the cuckoo has another trick it uses to ruffle its victims feathers.Common cuckoos usually lay a single egg in the nest of a host bird. The eggs often look remarkably similar to the hosts. Upon hatching, the cuckoo chick eliminates any of its pot
44、ential rival chicks by pushing them or their eggs out of the nest. However, there is more to this elaborate deceit than is generally realized.As far back as ancient times a similarity has been noted between many cuckoo species and hawks, in size, shape and plumage. More recently researchers have dis
45、covered that hawk-like markings are more prevalent in cuckoo species that engage in nest parasitism than in cuckoo species that do not. Researchers wondered whether this similarity was noticed by birds too.They set up peanut feeding stations and over two years found that great and blue tits, both of
46、 which are not parasitised by cuckoos, were the main visitors. They then experimented by placing a mounted specimen of a sparrowhawk, cuckoo, dove, or duck, at the feeders for five minutes. The team reported that the tits were as scared of cuckoos as they were of sparrowhawks, raising alarm calls an
47、d staying away from feeders at all costs. With the duck and dove they detected no such behavior.When researchers covered the hawk-like markings on the cuckoo the tits treated it as if it were a duck or dove. Covering the same markings on the sparrowhawk had no such effect, but adding them to the dov
48、e caused the tits to treat the dove as they would a sparrowhawk or a cuckoo.The authors argue that actual cuckoo hosts, such as meadow pipits, dunnocks and reed warblers, may have directed the evolution of the cuckoos resemblance to hawks by attacking cuckoos that approached their nests. If a cuckoo
49、 with slightly hawk-like plumage caused hosts to delay or avoid an attack in the past, this would have favored the evolution,of hawk mimicry.It is an arms race -and a matter of adapting and counter-adapting. The better the cuckoo disguises its eggs and itself, the more host birds improve their ability to spot the impostor. Although such an evolutiona
