1、2011 年 4 月全国自考（英语阅读一）真题试卷及答案与解析一、CAREFUL READING0 Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism from coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of anxiety or stress for young athletes (运动员). Stress c
2、an be physical, emotional, or psychological, and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as dropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.The early years of development are critical years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one
3、 where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to cooperate with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can greatly affec
4、t their children. Youngsters may take their parents and coaches criticisms to heart and find a flaw (缺陷) in themselves.Coaches and parents should also be cautious that youth sport participation does not become work for children. The outcome of the game should not be more important than the process o
5、f learning the sport and other life lessons. In todays youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport. Following a game, many parents and coaches focus on the outcome and find fault with youngsters performances. Positive reinf
6、orcement (加强) should be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning than criticism. Again, criticism can create high levels of stress, which can lead to burnout.1 An effective way to prevent the burnout of young at
7、hletes is _. ( )（A）to reduce their mental stress（B） to point out their shortcomings（C） to increase their sense of success（D）to make sports more challenging2 According to the passage, the sport setting is positive for young people in that_ . ( )（A）it enables them to find flaws in themselves（B） it hel
8、ps them learn more about school life（C） it provides them with valuable experiences（D）it teaches them how to set realistic goals for themselves3 Many coaches and parents tend to criticize young athletes _. ( )（A）so that they train harder（B） believing that too much praise is harmful（C） in order to mak
9、e them remember life lessons（D）without realizing that criticism may destroy their self confidence4 According to the passage, parents and coaches should_. ( )（A）train children to cope with stress（B） help children to win every game（C） prevent children from repeated failures（D）encourage children to enj
10、oy themselves and sports5 The authors purpose in writing the passage is_ . ( )（A）to teach young athletes how to avoid burnout（B） to persuade young athletes not to worry about criticism（C） to stress the importance of positive reinforcement in sports（D）to discuss the skill of combining criticism with
11、encouragement5 Friedrich Dobl, a Yugoslav (南斯拉夫人) working in Germany, was annoyed with traffic jams. At long weekends and holiday times when he wanted to get home quickly, he always found himself moving slowly with hundreds of other cars along the crowded foreign workers route through Germany and Au
12、stria.How easy it all was for police and emergency services! A siren (警报器) a flashing light? And like magic everyone was out of the way. Going home from work one night, he passed a garage. And there in front of him was the answer to his problem. An old ambulance was for sale. The red cross had been
13、removed. But not the flashing light, and the siren. He tried the light. It flashed magnificently. He tried the siren. That too sounded impressive. He bought the ambulance and opened up for himself a dream world of motoring.It began early in the morning, all his luggage in the back of the ambulance a
14、nd the motorway in Germany looking reasonably clear. Soon, as always, a long line of traffic appeared ahead. He switched on the flashing light and set off the siren. Cars swiftly slowed and pulled off the fast lane. Other cars stopped and drivers waved him ahead to an open road all his own. In recor
15、d time he crossed the border into Austria. His trick was working. Police even waved him through the confusion caused by an accident.But then the Yugoslav made his bad mistake. Until then he had only stopped for petrol. Now he was driving past a real accident, lights flashing, too late to realize tha
16、t it was not another traffic jam as he assumed. They stopped him, and after hearing the story of his ride across two countries fined him 12. 5 pounds.6 At long weekends and holiday times Friedrich Dobl used to _. ( )（A）drive home in Germany（B） meet other foreign workers（C） get caught in terrible tra
17、ffic jams（D）get to the workplace by a quick route7 The reason why Dobl decided to buy the ambulance was that _. ( )（A）he had always wanted one（B） he wanted to sell it at a higher price（C） he liked the red cross and the flashing light（D）he knew that other cars would make way for an ambulance8 In what
18、 condition was the ambulance he bought? ( )（A）It was shabby and untidy.（B） The siren worked wonderfully.（C） The light did not flash properly.（D）The red cross was vaguely seen.9 Armed with the, ambulance, Dobl found that_. ( )（A）all the cars stopped and made way for him（B） the police were busy cleari
19、ng the way of traffic（C） it was such fun to get out of the traffic confusion in Germany（D）he could cross the border into Austria in the shortest possible time10 The most appropriate title for the story would be_. ( )（A）A Happy Drive!（B） A Tough Drive!（C） A Safe Way Home?（D）A Quick Way Home?10 If it
20、were only necessary to decide whether to teach elementary science to everyone on a mass basis or to find the gifted few and take them as far as they can go, our task would be fairly simple. The public school system, however, has no such choice, for the jobs must be carried on at the same time. Becau
21、se we depend heavily upon science and technology for our progress, we must produce specialists in many fields. Because we live in a democratic nation, whose citizens make the policies for the nation, large numbers of us must be educated to understand, to support, and when necessary, to judge the wor
22、k of experts. The public school must educate both producers and users of scientific services.In education, there should be a good balance among the branches of knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment. Such a balance is defeated by too much emphasis on any other field. This
23、question of balance involves not only the relation of the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the arts but also relative emphasis among the natural sciences themselves.Similarly, we must have a balance between current and classical knowledge. The attention of the public is continually drawn t
24、o the discovery of new knowledge; it should not be allowed to turn our attention away from the sound, established materials that form the basis of courses for beginners.11 According to the 1st paragraph, the task of education is fairly complicated because_ . ( )（A）the public school has no choice of
25、what to teach（B） it is difficult to choose what to teach in public schools（C） the current public school system is too complex to be understood（D）the educators have to take care of both ordinary and gifted students12 Which of the following is not included in the passage? ( )（A）A democratic nation nee
26、ds a lot of well-educated citizens.（B） We depend much on science and technology for our progress.（C） The educators are required to lay emphasis on some particular field.（D）Elementary science should be taught on a mass basis in public schools.13 According to the author, the balance among the branches
27、 of knowledge is very necessary because such a balance_ ( )（A）would benefit the growth of gifted students（B） would ensure the students grasp of new knowledge（C） involves both the natural sciences and the social sciences（D）facilitates the training of effective reasoning and wise decision-making14 Wha
28、t can be inferred from the last paragraph? ( )（A）Most people take great interest in classical knowledge.（B） Sufficient attention should be given to basic knowledge.（C） The discovery of new knowledge is particularly important.（D）Classical knowledge is more popular than current knowledge.15 The passag
29、e centers on_. ( )（A）the balance in education（B） the importance of education（C） the balance between basic and new knowledge（D）the balance among different branches of knowledge15 Regular interaction or familiarity seems to increase liking; often, the people we interact with the most are simply those
30、who are closest to us. A classic study by Festinger found that residents of an apartment complex tended to interact with, and like those who happened to live on the same floor more than those who lived on other floors or in other buildings. The researcher did not analyze this phenomenon in terms of
31、the development of in-group versus out-group perceptions and biases, but such an analysis might prove interesting. Likewise, when classroom seating is alphabetical (依字母顺序的) , students are more likely to be friends with people who share the same initial.There are two major explanations for the relati
32、on between proximity (接近) and liking. The first is simple availability. If most people are nice and easy enough to approach, it follows that proximity will determine who you get to know and, therefore, like. The second explanation is based on the mere exposure effect, that is, simple familiarity inc
33、reases liking for a person or object that is not necessarily likeable. The mere exposure effect has been demonstrated in the laboratory with some meaningless syllables, which people find more pleasing after they have repeated them several times. It seems reasonable to conclude that repeated exposure
34、 to people in proximity to us leads us to like them more.16 Which of the following is the best title for the passage? ( )（A）Liking and Similarity.（B） Proximity and Liking.（C） Availability and Friendship.（D）Interaction and Relationship.17 According to the passage, the researcher studies the phenomeno
35、n on the basis of_ ( )（A）perceptions of membership（B） the development of friendship（C） in-group versus out-group biases（D）the degree of familiarity among people18 The organizational pattern of the passage can be best described as_ ( )（A）opinion-proof（B） problem-solution（C） phenomenon-reason（D）compar
36、ison-contrast19 The experiment on the meaningless syllables is intended to demonstrate that_ . ( )（A）most people are friendly at first sight（B） simple familiarity increases liking for a person（C） students will definitely become friends in the classroom setting（D）irritation with someone at the first
37、meeting usually leads to disliking20 According to the passage, all the following statements are true except that_ . ( )（A）we tend to interact with people closest to us（B） teachers like the students seated in the front（C） interaction is more likely to happen between neighbors（D）we tend to like people
38、 who share our attitudes and opinions二、SPEED READING20 Ever since humans have inhabited the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is ac-comp
39、lished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists, the deaf, and the mute have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols are very colorful and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot.Body language transmits ideas
40、 or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A wink can be a way of flirting or indicating that the party is only joking. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction.Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in Braille (a syste
41、m of raised dots read with the fingertips) , signal flags, Morse code, and smoke signals. Road maps and picture signs also guide, warn and instruct people.While verbalization is the most common form of language, other systems and techniques also express human thoughts and feelings.21 All of the foll
42、owing can be used internationally except ( )（A）spelling（B） motions（C） sign language（D）picture signs22 Which of the following is not true according to the passage? ( )（A）There are many forms of communication in existence.（B） Verbalization is the most common form of communication.（C） The deaf and the
43、mute use a verbal form of communication.（D）Body language may be equally effective in transmitting ideas or thoughts.23 Besides oral speech, which form of communication is most commonly used by the blind people? ( )（A）Braille.（B） Signal flags.（C） Body language.（D）Gestures.24 How many forms of communi
44、cation are mentioned in the third paragraph? ( )（A）Seven.（B） Six.（C） Five.（D）Four.25 Which of the following best summarizes this passage? ( )（A）Body language transmits ideas or thoughts more quickly.（B） Body language transmits ideas or thoughts more accurately.（C） Nonlinguistic language is more expr
45、essive than verbalization.（D）Nonlinguistic language also expresses human thoughts and feelings.25 American workers continue to demand shorter and shorter working hours each week. The possibility of a four-day working week is now being seriously considered; some companies are already experimenting wi
46、th it. Since machines have helped to reduce the time needed for work, at the office, factory, and in the home, men and women have more leisure time today than ever before in the countrys history.It is true that much leisure is used in play. America is a country of sports-of hunting, fishing and swim
47、ming, and of team sports like baseball and football. Millions of Americans watch their favorite sport on television, play in community orchestras, make their own films or recordings, go camping, visit museums, attend lectures, travel, garden, read, and join in hundreds of other activities.America is
48、 a “do-it-yourself“ country. The people enjoy building things for their homes, sewing their own clothes, even making their own photographs. They do these things for fun as well as for economy.But as much as Americans enjoy their free time, the country is at the same time a “self-improvement“ country
49、. More than 25 million adults continue their education, chiefly by going to school in the evening, during their own free time, at their own expense. Added to the time spent on personal activities, Americans also devote a great amount of their time to the varied needs of their communities. Many hospitals, schools, libraries, museums, parks, community centers, and organizations that assist the poor depend on the many hours citizens devote to these activities, often without any pay.26 Which of the
