1、 AEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE Safety Considerations for Lasers Projected in the Navigable Airspace Issued 2005-06 ARP5293 INTRODUCTIONOn March 26, 1999, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) submitted a written request to the SAE for assistance in developing standards and regulations concernin
2、g outdoor laser operations. In December 1999, AS4970 was published by the SAE and forwarded to the FAA.AS4970 provides guidance on assessing the potential hazards of a particular laser beam. In August 2000, the ANSI Z136.6 was published. More recently, ARP5535 and ARP5572 have been published by the
3、SAE in support of this request. This document provides guidance for operations of a laser system outdoors in the navigableairspace. It also includes training issues for the outdoor use of lasers. Reaffirmed 2010-04SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to
4、advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at leas
5、t every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2010 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any mea
6、ns, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE v
7、alues your input. To provide feedbackon this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/ARP5293SAE ARP5293 - 2 - FOREWORDThe SAE G-10T Committee has convened during the past 10 years with representation from more than 17 different entities, public and private, to identify t
8、he issues, technologies, and operational capabilities of outdoor laser use in navigable airspace. This document describes the issues, duties, and training of laser proponents specific to the use of lasers in navigable airspace. It is assumed that the laser proponent is well versed on the general saf
9、ety issues of indoor laser use. SAE ARP5293 - 3 - TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE.6 1.1 Purpose6 1.2 Field of Application.6 2. REFERENCES.6 2.1 Applicable Documents .6 2.1.1 SAE Publications6 2.1.2 ANSI Publications 7 2.1.3 U.S. Government Publications .7 2.2 Applicable References .7 2.3 Definitions 7 3.
10、 BACKGROUND .9 4. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR LASER SAFETY PERSONNEL USING LASERS OUTDOORS .10 4.1 Laser Safety Officer .104.2 Authorized Laser Operator/Worker 11 4.3 Laser Safety Observer .11 4.4 Laser Safety Specialist (LSS) 11 4.5 Personnel in the Nominal Hazard Zone (NHZ) 12 5. AIRCRAFT CONSIDERAT
11、IONS12 5.1 High Altitude Aircraft Operations13 5.2 Low Altitude Aircraft Operations.13 5.3 Dissemination of Information for the Pilot on Outdoor Laser Operations.14 6. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (DOD) COORDINATION 14 7. AIRSPACE ISSUES.15 7.1 Laser Free Zone.167.2 Critical Flight Zone .167.3 Sensitive Fl
12、ight Zone167.4 Normal Flight Zone.16SAE ARP5293 - 4 - TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 8. CONTROL MEASURES FOR DETECTING AIRCRAFT .18 8.1 Safety Observer .188.2 Binoculars 19 8.3 Light Amplification Devices or Night Vision Goggles (NVGs) 19 8.4 Visible Alignment Beams .19 8.5 Radar .19 8.5.1 Primary Ra
13、dar 19 8.5.2 Secondary Radar .208.5.3 Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS).20 8.5.4 Radar Airspace Monitoring System (RAMS)21 8.6 Solid-State Infrared Camera System .21 9. FDA VARIANCE AND EXEMPTION PROCESSES.21 9.1 FDA Variance Process.21 9.2 FDA Exemption Process 22 10. DOCUMENTATION OF INCID
14、ENTS FOLLOWING SUSPECTED LASER ILLUMINATION OF CIVILIAN AIRCREW 22 11. LASER USE OUTDOORS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES .23 12. VISION AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS FROM LASER ILLUMINATION AND THEIR CRITICALITY TO AVIATION24 12.1 Vision Effects .24 12.1.1 Distraction 24 12.1.2 Glare 24 12.1.3 Flashblindness .24 12.
15、1.4 Afterimages24 12.1.5 Scotomas .24 12.1.6 Hemorrhages .25 12.2 Biological Hazards .2512.2.1 Damage Mechanisms 25 12.2.2 Eye Damage 25 12.2.3 Skin Damage26 12.3 Photosensitizing Agents.26 SAE ARP5293 - 5 - TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) APPENDIX A SYLLABUS FOR OUTDOOR LASER SAFETY TRAINING .27 APPE
16、NDIX B SAMPLE OF COMPLETED FORM SUBMITTED TO DOD LASER CLEARINGHOUSE28 APPENDIX C FAA NATIONAL AND REGIONAL CONTACTS.31 APPENDIX D SAMPLE OF COMPLETED NOTICE OF PROPOSED OUTDOOR LASER OPERATION(S) WITH LETTER OF NON-OBJECTION28 APPENDIX E FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA) CENTER FOR DEVICES AND RAD
17、IOLOGICAL HEALTH (CDRH) CONTACTS32 APPENDIX F STATE CONTACTS FOR OUTDOOR LASER USE 28 APPENDIX G SUSPECTED LASER INCIDENT REPORT AND EXPOSURE QUESTIONNAIRE28 APPENDIX H AMSLER GRID WITH USER INSTRUCTIONS32 SAE ARP5293 - 6 - 1. SCOPE: This document applies to laser proponents involved with the use of
18、 laser systems outdoors. It may be used in conjunction with AS4970, ARP5535, and ARP5572 and the ANSI Z136 series of laser safety standards.1.1 Purpose: The purpose of this document is to describe the issues, duties, and training of laser proponents specific to the use of lasers in navigable airspac
19、e. It is assumed that the laser proponent is well versed on the safe use of lasers indoors.1.2 Field of Application: AS4970 and ANSI Z136.6 provide guidance and information for the evaluation of laser operations in navigable airspace. Due to operational/mission requirements, some laser beams exceed
20、the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits or visual interference levels as defined in FAA Order 7400.2, ANSI Z136.1, and ANSI Z136.6. For this reason, mitigation and/or control measures may be required. 2. REFERENCES: 2.1 Applicable Documents: The following publications form a part of this docum
21、ent to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of the publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications is provided. Nothing in this document supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1.1 SAE Publications: Available from SAE,
22、 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.AS4970 Human Factors Considerations for Outdoor Laser Operations in the Navigable Airspace ARP5535 Observers for Laser Safety in the Navigable Airspace ARP5572 Control Measures for Laser Safety in the Navigable Airspace SAE ARP5293 - 7 - 2.1.2 ANSI
23、Publications: Available from ANSI, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002.ANSI Z136.1 American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers ANSI Z136.6 American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers Outdoors 2.1.3 U.S. Government Publications: Available on the Internet. FAA Order 7400.2 Procedu
24、res for Handling Airspace Matters. VI Part 6 (Miscellaneous Procedures), Chapter 29 (Outdoor Laser Operations)FAA AC 70-1 Outdoor Laser Operation(s) FAA AC 70-2 Reporting of Laser Illumination of Aircraft Title 14 CFR 91.11 Prohibition on interference with crewmembers FDA 86-8260 Compliance Guide fo
25、r Laser Products - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Title 21 CFR 1010 Performance Standards for Electronic Products: General 2.2 Applicable References: None2.3 Definitions: The definitions of the terms listed below are based on a pragmatic rather than a basic approach. The terms defined
26、are therefore limited to those actually used in this manual.This list is not intended to constitute a dictionary of terms used in the laser field as a whole.AFTERIMAGE: An image that remains in the visual field after an exposure to a bright light.DAYTIME OPERATIONS: Any operations that occur between
27、 30 minutes before sunrise and 30 minutes after sunset are considered daytime operations. SAE ARP5293 - 8 - 2.3 (Continued): GLARE: Glare refers to temporary disruptions in vision without biological damage and is particularly disruptive under nighttime viewing conditions, especially when the eyes ar
28、e fully dark-adapted. Glare effects are diminished as the position of gaze shifts away from the light source, e.g., headlights from an oncoming car at night. Glare is most pronounced when it occurs in the central field of view and only occurs during illumination. FLASHBLINDNESS: Flashblindness is te
29、mporary loss of vision that persists after the bright light is terminated, e.g., from a camera flash. Flashblindness can last from several seconds to several minutes. LASER SAFETY OFFICER (LSO): One who has authority to monitor and enforce the control of laser hazards and to effect the knowledgeable
30、 evaluation and control of laser hazards. The LSO may, at times, delegate specific responsibilities to a deputy LSO or other responsible person. The LSO has ultimate responsibility for safe outdoor laser operations. Throughout the body of this document, it shall be understood that whenever duties or
31、 responsibilities of the LSO are specified, it will mean that the LSO either performs the stated task or ensures that the task is performed. LASER SAFETY SPECIALIST (LSS): An individual with the formal training or equivalent professional experience to correctly measure, calculate or determine laser
32、beam parameters and hazards and be familiar with the use of control measures to mitigate those hazards.MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE (MPE): The level of laser radiation to which a person may be exposed without hazardous effect or adverse biological changes in the eye or skin. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM
33、 (NAS): A complex, highly interactive “system of systems“ involving large numbers of subsystems and components on the ground, and in the aircraft including facilities, equipment, and computer hardware and software as well as the people which enables hundreds of thousands of users to fly safely every
34、 day. NAVIGABLE AIRSPACE: For the purpose of this document, navigable airspace is that airspace that can contain aircraft. Navigable airspace is defined as airspace that is 500 feet from any structure in semi-populated areas. In heavily populated areas, aircraft are required to allow more distances
35、from structures. Near airports or heliports, navigable airspace extends to the runway. Helicopter operations may require additional considerations, since they are often flying below 500 feet. NIGHTTIME OPERATIONS: Any operations that occur between 30 minutes after sunset and 30 minutes before sunris
36、e are considered nighttime operations. SAE ARP5293 - 9 - 2.3 (Continued): NOMINAL HAZARD ZONE (NHZ): The NHZ describes the space within which the level of the direct, reflected, or scattered radiation during operation exceeds the applicable MPE.Exposure levels beyond the boundary of the NHZ are belo
37、w the applicable MPE level. NOMINAL OCULAR HAZARD DISTANCE (NOHD): The distance along the axis of the laser beam beyond which the appropriate MPE is not exceeded. SAFETY OBSERVER: One who has been tasked with observing the airspace through which a laser beam is being propagated to ensure that the be
38、am does not illuminate any individual or object that could be injured, impaired, or damaged as a result of such an exposure. The observer must be trained and have the ability to immediately terminate the laser beam. 3. BACKGROUND: The management of a facility using class 3b or 4 lasers must designat
39、e a laser safety officer (LSO), and must document and ensure that the LSO is appropriately trained. The LSO is ultimately responsible for safe outdoor laser operations. The LSO ensures that the use of lasers complies with FAA Order 7400.2, ANSI Z136.6, and other site-specific requirements (Federal,
40、State, Military, Organizational, etc.).The LSOs responsibilities include, but are not limited to, the following: Establishing an NHZ and NOHD Administering a medical surveillance program Filing applicable laser safety reports and forms with appropriate authorities Approving standard operating proced
41、ures Avoiding unnecessary or duplicate controls Selecting alternate controls Conducting periodic facility and equipment audits Maintaining records log for all outdoor laser operations Evaluating outdoor conditions to ensure laser propagation will not cause any hazards Training of personnel (laser op
42、erators, laser safety observers, and deputy LSOs) SAE ARP5293 - 10 - 3. (Continued): The LSO or designated representative should evaluate hazards in relation to operations to be performed. Evaluation of all lasers for outdoor propagation that have the potential to adversely affect aircraft operation
43、s in navigable airspace is strongly recommended. Worst-case scenarios must be evaluated to ensure safety of personnel (e.g., pilots, laser operators, and safety observers). Both diffuse and specular reflections should be considered in the hazard evaluation. Outdoor propagation of lasers should not b
44、e conducted until all forms have been submitted and clearances have been obtained. 4. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR LASER SAFETY PERSONNEL USING LASERS OUTDOORS:The use of lasers outdoors poses many unique training needs for laser safety personnel.This training may be in the form of a formal course or m
45、ay be administered through specific standard operating procedures (SOPs) and literature supplied by the LSO. A proposed syllabus for laser safety training can be found in Appendix A.4.1 Laser Safety Officer: In order to accomplish their duties, the LSO must be trained or have access to someone who h
46、as been trained to a level appropriate to allow them to perform their duties. The following training topics are suggested for an LSO. Organizational laser safety policy Hazards, control measures, evaluation procedures, and medical surveillance requirements unique for the use of lasers outdoors Appli
47、cable standards and regulations (federal, state, and/or local) Airspace and aircraft considerations Government notification/coordination requirements Laser safety specialist (LSS) services Incident investigation and reporting Preparing SOPs and training instructions for laser users Record keeping of
48、 laser firings SAE ARP5293 - 11 - 4.2 Authorized Laser Operator/Worker: Laser operators shall receive training commensurate with the specific lasers with which they will be associated. Operators of Class 3b and Class 4 lasers shall receive specialized training for the lasers that they will operate.
49、The following training topics are in addition to the training outlined in ANSI Z136.1: Specific laser control measures Applicable SOPs (including emergency contingency procedures) Environments and conditions in which lasers may or may not be used Communication requirements Applicable standards and regulations (federal, state, and/or local) 4.3 Laser Safety Observer: For some laser systems, the safety observer may be the only practical control mechanism. For lasers that are operated for long periods of time and/or that
