1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2010 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication ma
3、y be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside US
4、A) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J312_201011SURFACEVEHICLERECOMMENDEDPRACTICEJ312 NOV2010 Issued 1931-01Revised 2010-11Supersedi
5、ng J312 FEB2001 Automotive Gasolines RATIONALEGasoline accounts for nearly half of all crude oil consumed in the U.S. The oil, automobile, and fuel additive industries have worked together for many decades to determine the composition and properties of gasoline required to provide satisfactory vehic
6、le operation. This work is ongoing. Since the late 1960s, environmental concerns have led to federal and state regulations to reduce emissions from vehicles and from petroleum storage and transportation facilities. This SAE Recommended Practice discusses the characteristics of gasoline, common test
7、methods, specifications developed by ASTM International, government regulations, and the effects of gasoline composition and properties on vehicle performance, fuel economy, emissions, and durability. FOREWORDAutomotive gasolines are used to fuel internal combustion spark-ignition engines. While gas
8、olines discussed herein are used primarily in passenger car and highway truck service, they are also used extensively in off-highway utility vehicles and farm machinery, two-stroke and four-stroke cycle marine engines, and other spark-ignition engines employed in a variety of different service appli
9、cations. Automotive gasolines are essentially blends of numerous hydrocarbons derived from petroleum. To produce gasoline, refiners initially use fractional distillation of the crude oil to segregate those hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range, with finished gasolines encompassing a boiling ran
10、ge of about 30 to 225 C (86 to 437 F). A number of processes can then be used to: a. Increase the yield of gasoline from a barrel of crude oil by converting larger-molecule (higher-boiling) and smaller-molecule (lower-boiling) hydrocarbons to hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range; or b. Convert
11、 low-octane number hydrocarbons to high-octane number hydrocarbons.The primary processes used by todays refiners are: 1. Catalytic cracking, which converts higher-boiling hydrocarbons into hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range. 2. Reforming, which converts low-octane number hydrocarbons to high
12、er-octane number hydrocarbons. 3. Alkylation, which converts gaseous hydrocarbons to high-octane number liquid hydrocarbons. 4. Isomerization, which upgrades the octane quality of light straightrun gasoline by converting straight-chain paraffins to their branched-chain isomers. 5. Hydrocracking, in
13、which cracking occurs in the presence of both hydrogen and a catalyst, to produce a less olefinic gasoline component. SAE J312 Revised NOV2010 Page 2 of 36Reforming was increasingly used during the 1970s and 1980s to replace the octane numbers lost by the requirement for unleaded gasoline in modern
14、automobiles and the resulting reduction and eventual elimination of lead antiknock usage. Because of environmental restrictions on the aromatic content of gasoline (under the Environmental Protection Agencys Complex Model for reformulated gasoline), alkylation and isomerization are becoming more imp
15、ortant. Ethanol is also now contributing significant octane number benefits. Gasolines are blended to satisfy diverse automobile requirements. Antiknock rating, volatility, and other properties are balanced to provide satisfactory vehicle performance. Additives are used to provide or enhance specifi
16、c performance features and have become increasingly important in late-model vehicles. Up to 10 volume percent ethanol is used as a blending component in gasoline, as discussed in Section 9. This SAE Recommended Practice summarizes the significance of the more important physical and chemical characte
17、ristics of automotive gasolines, and describes pertinent test methods for defining or evaluating these properties. Information on properties of automotive gasolines currently marketed in service stations throughout the United States can be found in semiannual reports issued by Northrop Grumman Missi
18、on Systems (formerly TRW Petroleum Technologies, BDM Petroleum Technologies, and the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (NIPER). The Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers conducts semiannual surveys of gasoline quality in the U.S., and to a limited extent in Canada and Mexico. A num
19、ber of proprietary surveys are also conducted. 1. SCOPE This SAE Recommended Practice summarizes the composition of modern automotive gasolines, the significance of their physical and chemical characteristics, and the pertinent test methods for defining or evaluating these properties. 2. REFERENCES
20、2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1 SAE Standards Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001,
21、 Telephone 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.SAE J1082 Fuel Economy Measurement - Road Test Procedure SAE J1297 Alternative Automotive Fuels SAE J1349 Engine Power Test Code Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition Net Power Rating SAE J1498 Heating Value
22、 of Fuels SAE J1681 Gasoline, Alcohol, and Diesel Fuel Surrogates for Materials Testing SAE J1829 Stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratios of Automotive Fuels SAE J312 Revised NOV2010 Page 3 of 362.1.2 ASTM Standards Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, P
23、A 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org.ASTM D56 Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester ASTM D86 Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure ASTM D130 Standard Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copp
24、er Strip Test ASTM D381 Standard Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation ASTM D445 Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity) ASTM D471 Standard Test Method for Rubber Property - Effect of Liquids ASTM D525 St
25、andard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (Induction Period Method) ASTM D665 Standard Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of WaterASTM D1250 Standard Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement Tables ASTM D1266 Standard Test Method f
26、or Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method) ASTM D1298 Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity) or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method ASTM D1319 Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Petroleum Products by Fluoresce
27、nt Indicator AdsorptionASTM D2622 Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray FluorescenceASTM D2699 Standard Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel ASTM D2700 Standard Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine
28、 Fuel ASTM D2885 Standard Test Method for Determination of Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On-Line Direct Comparison Technique ASTM D3120 Standard Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry ASTM D3231 Standard Test M
29、ethod for Phosphorus in Gasoline ASTM D3237 Standard Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ASTM D3338 Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels ASTM D3828 Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup Tester ASTM D4
30、052 Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterSAE J312 Revised NOV2010 Page 4 of 36ASTM D4806 Standard Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel ASTM D4809 Standar
31、d Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method) ASTM D4814 Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel ASTM D4815 Standard Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C1 to C4 Alcohols
32、 in Gasoline by Gas Chromatography ASTM D4953 Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method) ASTM D5059 Standard Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spectroscopy ASTM D5188 Standard Test Method for Vapor-Liquid Ratio Temperature Determination of
33、 Fuels (Evacuated Chamber Method) ASTM D5190 Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Automatic Method) ASTM D5191 Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method) ASTM D5453 Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons
34、, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence ASTM D5482 Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method-Atmospheric) ASTM D5500 Standard Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for
35、 Intake Valve Deposit Formation ASTM D5598 Standard Test Method for Evaluating Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Electronic Port Fuel Injector Fouling ASTM D5599 Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxygenates in Gasoline by Gas Chromatography and Oxygen Selective Flame Ionizat
36、ion Detection ASTM D5797 Standard Specification for Fuel Methanol (M70-M85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines ASTM D5798 Standard Specification for Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines ASTM D5845 Standard Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, Methanol
37、, Ethanol and tert-Butanol in Gasoline by Infrared Spectroscopy ASTM D6378 Standard Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure (VPx) of Petroleum Products, Hydrocarbons, and Hydrocarbon-Oxygenate Mixtures (Triple Expansion Method) ASTM D6593 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Eng
38、ine Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation in a Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled with Gasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Conditions ASTM D6709 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the Sequence VIII Spark-Ignition Engine (CLR Oil Test
39、 Engine) ASTM D6837 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Effects of Automotive Engine Oils on Fuel Economy of Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Trucks in Sequence VIB Spark Ignition Engine SAE J312 Revised NOV2010 Page 5 of 36ASTM D6920 Standard Test Method for Total Sulfur in Naphthas, Distillates,
40、Reformulated Gasolines, Diesels, Biodiesels, and Motor Fuels by Oxidative Combustion and Electrochemical Detection ASTM D6984 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the Sequence IIIF, Spark-Ignition EngineASTM D7039 Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline and Diesel Fue
41、l by Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry ASTM D7320 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the Sequence IIIG, Spark-Ignition EngineASTM E659 Standard Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Liquid Chemicals 2.1.3 Other Standards Commercia
42、l Item Description A-A-52530 Gasohol, Automotive, Unleaded CAN/CGSB-3.5 Unleaded Automotive Gasoline CAN/CGSB-3.511 Oxygenated Unleaded Automotive Gasoline Containing Ethanol EN 228 Automotive Fuels Unleaded petrol Requirements and test methods JIS K 2202 Motor Gasoline NACE Standard TM0172-2001 Tes
43、t Method for Determining Corrosive Properties of Cargoes in Petroleum Product Pipelines2.1.4 Other Publications The following publications are referenced with superscript parentheses throughout the document: 1. R. V. Kerley and K. W. Thurston, “Knocking Behavior of Fuels and Engines,” SAE Transactio
44、ns, Vol. 64, p. 554, (1956)2. K. Owen and T. Coley, “Automotive Fuels Reference Book,” 2nd Edition, SAE (1995). 3. ASTM, “Manual on Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products: 8th Edition,” MNL1 (2009). 4. “Test Methods for Rating Motor, Diesel, Aviation Fuels,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol.
45、 05.05. See most recent edition. 5. L. M. Gibbs, “Transportation Fuels - Automotive Gasoline,” Encyclopedia of Energy Technology and the Environment, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., (1995). 6. P. Dorn, A. M. Mourad, and S. Herbstman, “The Properties and Performance of Modern Automotive Fuels,” SAE Paper
46、861178. 7. “Gasoline Winter 2008,” Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, January 2008. 8. “Gasoline Summer 2008,” Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, July 2008. 9. D. Godfrey and R. L. Courtney, “Investigation of the Mechanism of Exhaust Valve Seat Wear in Engines Run on Unleaded Gasoline,” SAE Pa
47、per 710356. SAE J312 Revised NOV2010 Page 6 of 3610. G. A. Schoonveld, et al., “Exhaust Valve Recession with Low-Lead Gasolines,” SAE Paper 861550. 11. J. A. Garbak and G. E. Grinnell, “Effect of Using Unleaded and Low-Lead Gasoline Containing Non-Lead Additives on Agricultural Engines Designed for
48、Leaded Gasoline,” SAE Paper 871622. 12. “Distillation and Vapor Pressure Measurement in Petroleum Products, MNL 51, ASTM International, 2008. 13. “Evaluation of Expressions for Fuel Volatility,” CRC Report No. 403. 14. R. L. Furey, “Volatility Characteristics of Gasoline-Alcohol and Gasoline-Ether F
49、uel Blends,” SAE Paper 852116. 15. R. L. Furey and K. L. Perry, “Vapor Pressures of Mixtures of Gasolines and Gasoline-Alcohol Blends,” SAE Paper 861557.16. J. P. Doner, “A Predictive Study of the Occurrence of Meteorological Conditions Contributing to Automotive Carburetor Icing,” CCL Report No. 3006, NTIS, September 1973. 17. ASTM Research Report D02-1347 Reformulated Spark-ignition Engine Fuel. 18 L. M. Gibbs, “How Gasoline Has Changed II
