1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2007 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
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4、 Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org J2715 ISSUED MAR2007 SURFACE VEHICLE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE Issued 2007-03 Gasoline Fuel Injector Spray Measurement and Characterization RATIONALE The rationale for this document is that fuel spray measurement and char
5、acterization continues to become increasingly critical to the automotive industry; whereas no comprehensive, industry-wide set of measurement and reporting procedures has been available. This has led to a situation in which many spray parameters and test procedures have, of necessity, been created a
6、nd utilized within individual original equipment manufacturer (OEM) companies, and even among third-party testing laboratories and universities. This non-uniformity regarding test and reporting procedures has resulted in a lack of repeatability and traceability for many claimed spray parameters. It
7、has also made it very difficult for any laboratory to check the values of spray-characterization parameters that are reported by another laboratory. The lack of standardization has also resulted in considerable confusion and obfuscation regarding the names and definitions of spray parameters as they
8、 apply to port fuel injection and gasoline-direct injection. The current situation regarding the term “cone angle” for these two classes of injectors is a prime example. The use of the uniform and well-defined procedures for test configuration, testing, data reduction and reporting that are containe
9、d in this document should significantly enhance the ability of one spray-test laboratory to accurately repeat and verify the results of another. The very detailed procedures and test specifications for all of the spray parameters should also serve to reduce the variation of spray parameter values th
10、at are reported, even for the same injector model. This should, in turn, reduce the overall time and overhead for obtaining a proven fuel system for an engine, as OEMs could ultimately conduct one set of spray tests per J2715 as opposed to a separate set of tests for each customer. This document sho
11、uld also supply the industry with a neutral, unbiased test for each defined spray parameter. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 4 1.1 PURPOSE. 4 2. REFERENCES 5 2.1.1 SAE Publications. 5 2.2 Related Publications . 5 2.2.1 ASTM Publications 5 2.2.2 ISO Publications 5 3. BASIC SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS AND DEFINI
12、TIONS 6 3.1 Introduction to Gasoline Fuel Spray . 6 3.2 Fuel Injector and Spray Classifications. 8 3.3 Measurement of Fuel Spray Characteristics. 10 3.3.1 Basic Concepts in the Use of Imaging to Obtain Fuel Spray Characteristics. 11 3.3.2 Port Fuel Injection Spray Characteristics Obtained Using Patt
13、ernation. 16 3.3.3 Fuel Spray Characteristics Obtained Using Drop Sizing 24 3.4 List of Abbreviations 25 3.5 Nomenclature 26 SAE J2715 Issued MAR2007 - 2 - 4. STANDARD TEST CONDITIONS 27 4.1 Ambient Condition. 27 4.2 Test Fluid 27 4.3 Fluid Pressure. 27 4.4 Fluid Temperature. 27 4.5 Injector Tempera
14、ture. 28 4.6 Injection Period (P) 28 4.7 Injection Pulse Width (IPW) 28 4.8 Injector Driver 28 4.9 Injector Polarity . 28 4.10 Test Apparatus 28 4.10.1 Instruments . 28 4.10.2 Injector Position. 28 4.10.3 Preconditioning . 28 4.10.4 Flow Measurement . 28 4.11 Summary of Standard Test Conditions. 29
15、5. TEST EQUIPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT 30 5.1 Fuel Pressurization System 30 5.1.1 Port Fuel Injection System 30 5.1.2 Direct Injection System . 30 5.2 Electrical System. 31 5.3 Ambient Pressure 32 5.4 Establishment of a Purge Flow for Spray Testing. 32 6. SPRAY CHARACTERIZATION, TESTING AND ANALYSIS . 33
16、 6.1 Spray Geometry Evaluation Using Imaging 33 6.1.1 Definitions . 34 6.1.2 Test Equipment for Spray Imaging . 34 6.1.3 Test Procedure for Spray Imaging 36 6.1.4 Summary of Standard Test Conditions for Spray Imaging . 37 6.1.5 Data Reduction and Analysis for Spray Imaging 37 6.1.6 Required Informat
17、ion for Spray Imaging Data Reporting .40 6.2 Fuel Mass Distribution in PFI Sprays using Patternation . 42 6.2.1 Test Equipment for Port Fuel Injection Patternation. 43 6.2.2 Test Procedure for Port Fuel Injection Patternation . 47 6.2.3 Summary of Standard Test Conditions for Port Fuel Injection Pat
18、ternation. 48 6.2.4 Data Reduction and Analysis for Port Fuel Injection Patternation 49 6.2.5 Required Information for Port Fuel Injection Patternation Data Reporting. 54 6.3 Drop Size Measurement Overview . 56 6.3.1 Correspondence Between the Drop Sizes Measured by PDI and Laser Diffraction 57 6.3.
19、2 Definitions of Terms in Laser-Based Drop Sizing. 58 6.3.3 Test Equipment for Drop Sizing 59 6.4 Laser Diffraction Drop Size Measurement 59 6.4.1 Instrument Configuration and Test Procedure for Laser Diffraction Drop Sizing . 61 6.4.2 Summary of Standard Test Conditions for Laser Diffraction Drop S
20、izing 69 6.4.3 Data Reduction and Required Information for Laser Diffraction Data Reporting . 69 6.5 Phase-Doppler Interferometry Drop Size Measurement 71 6.5.1 Test Procedure for Phase-Doppler Interferometry Drop Sizing 74 6.5.2 Overview of PDI Scan Line Orientation Considerations . 78 6.5.3 Summar
21、y of Standard Test Conditions for PDI Drop Sizing. 80 6.5.4 Data Reduction and Analysis for PDI Drop Sizing 80 6.5.5 Required Information for PDI Data Reporting. 82 6.5.6 Weighting of PDI Point Measurements by the Fuel Volume Flux. 85 7. OTHER TESTING TO SUPPORT SPRAY MEASUREMENT 88 7.1 Background o
22、f Port Fuel Injection Drippage Test. 88 7.2 Test Procedure for Port Fuel Injection Drippage 89 SAE J2715 Issued MAR2007 - 3 - 7.3 Summary of Standard Test Conditions for Port Fuel Injector Drippage . 91 7.4 Data Reporting for Port Fuel Injector Drippage Test 91 APPENDIX A - COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL
23、AND OPTICAL PATTERNATION 94 APPENDIX B - DROP SIZING BY IMAGE ANALYSIS. 95 APPENDIX C - DISCUSSION OF TIME-RESOLVED VS. TIME-INTEGRATED DROP-SIZE MEASUREMENTS. 96 APPENDIX D - COMPLEX MULTI-PLUME SPRAYS OVERVIEW AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE LOCATION OF PEAK FUEL FLUX 98 APPENDIX E
24、 - CALLIGRAPHY PAPER TEST FOR OBTAINING THE SPRAY PATTERN AND LOCATION OF PEAK FLUX OF G-DI OR PFI SPRAY PLUMES 100 APPENDIX F - LOGIC AND INJECTION PULSE TIMING DIAGRAMS FOR DRIVING FUEL INJECTORS 102 APPENDIX G - HYSICAL PROPERTY SPECIFICATIONS FOR N-HEPTANE. 104 Figure 1 - Major Classification of
25、 Sprays from Automotive Fuel Injectors 6 Figure 2 - Schematic Representations of the Port Fuel Injection and Gasoline-Direct Injection Classifications .7 Figure 3 - Geometric Characteristics of a Transient G-DI Spray 8 Figure 4 - Injector Sub-Classification by Nozzle Design. 9 Figure 5 - Typical Bac
26、k-lit Image of a G-DI Spray 12 Figure 6 - Schematic Representation of Axial Spray Penetration 13 Figure 7 - G-DI Spray Light-Sheet Image at 1.5ms after SOF Showing both the Main and Sac Sprays. 13 Figure 8 - Representation of the G-DI Spray Angle 14 Figure 9 - Representation of the G-DI Spray Bend A
27、ngle 15 Figure 10 - Representation of a Single-Plume Spray Pattern as Determined by a High-Resolution Patternator 18 Figure 11 - Single-Plume Spray Comparison of On-Axis Spray and Bent Spray 18 Figure 12 - Nomenclature For Centroid Coordinates, Distance and Angle 19 Figure 13 - Nomenclature for Spra
28、y with a Cone Bend Angle 20 Figure 14 - Illustration of Mass Percentage Circle and Cone Angle for 50% and 90% Collected Mass Single Plume Bent by 15 Degrees 21 Figure 15 - Dual-spray Pattern Determined by a High Resolution Patternator 22 Figure 16 - Representation of the Separation Angle and the Con
29、e Angles in a Dual-Spray Calculation 24 Figure 17 - Schematic of Fuel Pressurization System using a Bladder-Accumulator 30 Figure 18 - Schematic of a Fuel Pressurization System using a Recirculating Fuel Pump System 31 Figure 19 - Electrical Wiring Diagram for Fuel Injector Testing 31 Figure 20 - Il
30、lustration of Required Purging Stream to Promote Safety and Reduce Drop Recirculation 33 Figure 21 - Typical Schematic of the Backlit-Imaging Test Configuration 34 Figure 22 - Histogram of Background-Corrected Image Pixel Intensity . 39 Figure 23 - DetermInation of the SAE J2715 Spray Angle, and SAE
31、 J2715 Spray Bend Angle from Imaging For Plumes of Small and Large Bend 40 Figure 24 - Cross Section of Patternator Inlet Plane Square Grid Format at Inlet Plane that Transitions to Circular Cross Section 44 Figure 25 - Cross Section of Patternator Inlet Plane Hexagonal Grid Format at Inlet Plane th
32、at Transitions to Circular Cross Section 5.5 mm Cell Spacing 44 Figure 26 - Cross-section of the SAE 8-Ring Patternator Fixture (Prior-Art; Low-Resolution). 46 Figure 27 - Schematic of Typical Spray Mass Distribution Test Facility Using a High-Resolution Patternator 47 Figure 28 - Example of Results
33、 of a High-Resolution Patternator Test Showing the Fuel Mass Distribution for a Bent Spray PFI Injector 49 Figure 29 - Example of Data Reduction from High-Resolution Patternation Tests Bent Spray and Dual Spray PFI Injectors 50 Figure 30 - Schematic of Cone Angle Determination Based Upon the Measure
34、d 1-D Cumulative Radial Distribution of Fuel Mass . 51 Figure 31 - Schematic Diagram of a Typical Laser Diffraction Test Configuration. 60 Figure 32 - Plan View of Final Laser Diffraction Test Configuration. 63 Figure 33 - Side View of Final Laser Diffraction Test Configuration. 63 Figure 34 - Illus
35、tration of a Test with the Primary Plume Being Wider than the Maximum Available Laser Beam Diameter . 63 Figure 35 - Isometric View of Plume Orientation for a Dual Spray Injector 64 Figure 36 - Plan View Showing Primary Plume Toward Receiver and Maximum Flux Point on the Laser Beam Centerline . 65 S
36、AE J2715 Issued MAR2007 - 4 - Figure 37 - Side View Showing Primary Plume Toward Receiver and Maximum Flux Point on the Laser Beam Centerline . 65 Figure 38 - Appearance of a Typical Valid Background Measurement Prior to Laser Difraction Test.65 Figure 39 - Receiver Lens is Unable to Detect the Larg
37、est Drops in the Distribution; the Measured Results are Biased (Indicated Mean Drop Size would be Under-estimated) . 66 Figure 40 - Receiver Lens is Unable to Detect the Smallest Drops in the Distribution; the Measured Results are Biased (Indicated Mean Drop Size would be Over-estimated) . 67 Figure
38、 41 - Receiver Lens Detects all Drop Sizes in the Distribution (Measured Results are Valid). 67 Figure 42 - Example of Drop Size Distribution and Cumulative Volume Percentage as Determined by Laser Diffraction . 68 Figure 43 - Idealized Phase-Doppler Burst. 73 Figure 44 - Schematic of a Phase-Dopple
39、r Interferometry System Illustrating a Forward-Scattering Test Configuration. 73 Figure 45 - Example Configuration for a Phase-Doppler Interferometry Test of a Dual Spray Injector . 78 Figure 46 - Example of Measured Fuel Volume Flux Variation Across Two Plumes of a Dual Spray Injector 79 Figure 47
40、- Histogram Showing Measured Drop Size Distribution (60 bins) 81 Figure 48 - Example Profile of SMD Variation for the Left Plume of Dual Spray InjectorPDI Measurement 86 Figure 49 - Example Profile of Dv90Variation for the Left Plume of a PFI Dual Spray InjectorPDI Measurement 87 Figure 50 - Example
41、 Profile of PDI Fuel Volume Flux Variation for the Left Plume of a PFI Dual Spray Injector 88 Figure 51 - Example of Periodic Fuel Drippage From Injector Tip . 89 Figure 52 - Mounting Configuration Schematic for PFI Fuel Drippage Test. 90 Figure 53 - Photograph of Test Facility for PFI Fuel Drippage
42、 Test. 90 Figure C1 - Illustration of Time-Resolved Measurement of a Pulsed Spray 96 Figure C2 - Illustration of Time-Resolved Measurement Synchronized with an Injection Pulse Event97 Figure E1 - Calligraphy-Paper Test of a Single-Plume G-DI Spray 100 Figure E2 - Calligraphy-Paper Test of a Six-Plum
43、e Oval-Pattern G-DI Spray . 100 Figure F1 - Pulse Timing Diagram without Driver Charge Delay 102 Figure F2 - Pulse Timing Diagram with Driver Charge Delay. 103 Figure F3 - A Sample Pulse Timing Diagram without Driver Charge Delay (Top Signal: Logic Pulse; Bottom Signal: Current Trace) 103 Table 1 -
44、Summary of Standard Test Conditions 29 Table 2 - Standard Test Conditions for Spray Imaging. 37 Table 3 - SAE J2715 Data Reporting Sheet for Direct Injection Spray Imaging Measurements or for PFI Penetration Measurements 41 Table 4 - Standard Test Conditions for Port Fuel Injection Patternation 48 T
45、able 5 - SAE J2715 Data Reporting Sheet for PFI Patternation Measurements 55 Table 6 - Standard Test Conditions for Laser Diffraction Drop Sizing 69 Table 7 - SAE J2715 Data Reporting Sheet for Laser Diffraction Drop Size Measurements 70 Table 8 - Standard Test Conditions for PDI Drop Sizing 80 Tabl
46、e 9 - SAE J2715 Data Reporting Sheet for PDI Drop Size Measurements. 83 Table 10 - Example PDI System Data Export for Analysis and Plotting. 85 Table 11 - Standard Test Conditions for Port Fuel Injector Drippage. 91 Table 12 - SAE J2715 Data Reporting Sheet for PFI Injector Drippage Measurements . 9
47、2 1. SCOPE This SAE Recommended Practice promotes uniformity in the characterization tests conducted on sprays generated by automotive fuel injectors used in both port fuel injection and gasoline-direct injection engine applications. SAE J2715 contains the detailed background, procedures and data re
48、duction protocols for nearly all fuel spray characterization metrics that are applicable to automotive applications. It is intended to be utilized in conjunction with other SAE J documents that address injector performance metrics. These are SAE J1832 for Port Fuel Injection and the forthcoming SAE
49、J2713 for Gasoline Direct Injectors. 1.1 Purpose a. Standardize the use of nomenclature specifically related to gasoline fuel injector spray measurements. b. Identify and define the key metrics that constitute the characterization of fuel sprays. SAE J2715 Issued MAR2007 - 5 - c. Establish detailed test procedures and recommend test equipment and methods to measure and quantify these key metrics. d. Establish the recommended data re
