1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-22213-0 SANS 860:2008 Edition 1 ISO 860:2007 Edition 3SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Terminology work Harmonization of concepts and terms
4、 This national standard is the identical implementation of ISO 860:2007 and is adopted with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization. Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001 Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568
5、 www.sabs.co.za SABS This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.SANS 860:2008 Edition 1 ISO 860:2007 Edition 3 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope National foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS TC
6、37, Terminology and other language and content resources, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This SANS document was published in November 2008. This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and free
7、mailing clients of the SABS. Reference number ISO 860:2007(E) ISO 2007INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 860 Third edition 2007-11-15 Terminology work Harmonization of concepts and terms Travaux terminologiques Harmonisation des concepts et des termesSANS 860:2008This standard may only be used and printed b
8、y approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO 860:2007(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and
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13、2007 All rights reservedSANS 860:2008This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO 860:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 H
14、armonization of concepts and concept systems 2 4.1 Concept variation 2 4.2 Feasibility study 2 4.3 Harmonization procedure 3 5 Harmonization of concept definitions 11 6 Harmonization of terms 11 6.1 General. 11 6.2 Term selection. 11 6.3 Establishment of equivalents, synonyms and term variants. 13 6
15、4 Terminology planning 14 Annex A (informative) Concept harmonization process 15 Bibliography . 17 SANS 860:2008This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO 860:2007(E) iv ISO 2007 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Orga
16、nization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been establis
17、hed has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization
18、 International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. P
19、ublication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such pate
20、nt rights. ISO 860 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content resources, Subcommittee SC 1, Principles and methods. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 860:1996), which has been technically revised. SANS 860:2008This standard
21、 may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO 860:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved v Introduction 0.1 Overview In spite of all the efforts made to coordinate terminologies as they develop, it is inevitable that overlapping and inconsistent termino
22、logies will continue to be used because documents and policies are produced in different contexts. Differences between concepts and misleading similarities at the designation level create barriers to communication. Concepts and terms develop differently in individual languages and language communiti
23、es, depending on professional, technical, scientific, social, economic, linguistic, cultural or other factors. Harmonization is, therefore, desirable because differences between concepts do not necessarily become apparent at the designation level, similarity at the designation level does not necessa
24、rily mean that the concepts behind the designations are identical, mistakes occur when a single concept is designated by two synonyms which by error are considered to designate two different concepts. Harmonization starts at the concept level and continues at the term level. It is an integral part o
25、f standardization. 0.2 Conventions and notation In this International Standard, tree diagrams are used to represent generic concept relations. The following notation is used throughout this International Standard: concepts are indicated by single quotes; designations are in boldface; characteristics
26、 are underlined; alpha-2 language codes are in small letters, boldface and italics; country codes are in capital letters; examples are boxed. SANS 860:2008This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.SANS 860:2008This standard may only be us
27、ed and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 860:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 1 Terminology work Harmonization of concepts and terms 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a methodological approach to the harmonization of conce
28、pts, concept systems, definitions and terms. This International Standard applies to the development of harmonized terminologies, at either the national or international level, in either a monolingual or a multilingual context. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensab
29、le for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 704:2000 1) , Terminology work Principles and methods ISO 1087-1:2000 2) , Terminology work Voc
30、abulary Part 1: Theory and application ISO 10241:1992, International terminology standards Preparation and layout 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1087-1 and the following apply. 3.1 concept harmonization activity leading to the establ
31、ishment of a correspondence between two or more closely related or overlapping concepts having professional, technical, scientific, social, economic, linguistic, cultural or other differences, in order to eliminate or reduce minor differences between them NOTE The purpose of concept harmonization is
32、 to improve communication. 3.2 concept system harmonization activity leading to the establishment of a correspondence between two or more closely related or overlapping concept systems having professional, technical, scientific, social, economic, linguistic, cultural or other differences, in order t
33、o eliminate or reduce minor differences between them NOTE The purpose of concept system harmonization is to improve communication. 1) Under revision. 2) To be revised. SANS 860:2008This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO 860:2007(E)
34、 2 ISO 2007 All rights reserved3.3 definition harmonization activity leading to the description of a harmonized concept by an intensional definition that reflects the position of the concept in the harmonized concept system 3.4 term harmonization activity leading to the selection of designations for
35、 a harmonized concept either in different languages or within the same language NOTE Harmonized terms between different languages are equivalent terms; harmonized terms within the same language are either synonyms or term variants. 3.5 equivalence relation between designations in different languages
36、 representing the same concept ISO 1087-1:2000, definition 3.4.21 4 Harmonization of concepts and concept systems 4.1 Concept variation 4.1.1 General Since concepts may vary slightly on account of differences in professional, technical, scientific, social, economic, linguistic, cultural or other env
37、ironments, the harmonization of specific concepts or concept systems will assist in reducing ambiguity and misunderstanding in communication. Some examples of concept variation are shown in Example 1. 4.1.2 Example 1 Concept variation due to differences in professional, scientific, cultural or socio
38、economic environments Differences Example Professional Bachelor degree and licentiate degree in different countries are not exactly the same but are close enough to be considered equivalent degrees. Scientific word in the field of linguistics varies according to different linguistic theories. Cultur
39、al For Europeans, North America includes the US and Canada while in the Americas, North America is the region comprising Canada, the US and Mexico. Socioeconomic The minimum acceptable standard of living can have different extension within the context of the highly industrialized countries. 4.2 Feas
40、ibility study 4.2.1 Preliminary analysis Before conducting concept harmonization, differences and similarities between concepts and concept systems shall be examined in order to determine the feasibility of harmonization. Preliminary issues will be concerned with whether the concept systems to be ha
41、rmonized are from the same subject field, the extent to which both contain the same concepts and, if the content is overlapping, whether the harmonization project is to be directed towards the area of overlap, or all the concepts in the systems to be harmonized. See Annex A. SANS 860:2008This standa
42、rd may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO 860:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 3 4.2.2 Analysis of the subject field Harmonization is more likely to be possible if the following conditions are met: a) a subset of the terminology of the subje
43、ct field has already been harmonized; b) the subject field is well established and relatively stable; c) the subject field has a tradition of standardization. 4.2.3 Similarity between concepts Whether the harmonization project will be carried out on concepts and concept systems in one language or ac
44、ross languages, a cursory comparison of some key concepts to be harmonized in each concept system shall be performed. This analysis shall determine: a) which characteristics the concepts of each concept system have in common 1) within a language, 2) across languages; b) which characteristics of the
45、concepts differ from one concept system to another 1) within a language, 2) across languages; c) which characteristics are essential to each key concept. Successful concept harmonization is more likely to be possible if the following conditions are met: the concepts are closely related to each other
46、 and have common characteristics; the essential characteristics are the same or similar and reflect a similar perspective within the particular professional, technical, scientific, social, economic, linguistic, cultural or other environment; a correspondence can be established between the key concep
47、ts in each concept. 4.3 Harmonization procedure 4.3.1 Selection of concepts The scope of the harmonization project will determine the concepts and concept systems to be harmonized. 4.3.2 Comparison of concept systems All relevant concept systems shall be examined. Ideally, a new set of concept syste
48、ms, containing all the material from all the sources to be harmonized, will be produced. However, there may be divergences in the criteria of subdivision which establish the need for separate displays. In this case, the point of divergence can be identified. SANS 860:2008This standard may only be us
49、ed and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO 860:2007(E) 4 ISO 2007 All rights reservedThe comparative analysis of the different concept systems shall take account of the following: a) the number of concepts included; b) the relationships between concepts; c) the depth of structuring; d) the criteria of subdivision used to develop the concept system. 4.3.3 Harmonized concept system maintenance Having assembled all relevant material into a set of concept syste
