2019高考数学二轮复习考前冲刺三突破6类解答题第三类立体几何问题重在“建”——建模、建系课件.ppt

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1、第三类 立体几何问题重在“建”建模、建系,立体几何解答题的基本模式是论证推理与计算相结合,以某个几何体为依托,分步设问,逐层加深,解决这类题目的原则是建模、建系.建模将问题转化为平行模型、垂直模型及平面化模型;建系依托于题中的垂直条件,建立空间直角坐标系,利用空间向量求解.,【例3】 (2017全国卷)如图,四面体ABCD中,ABC是正三角形,ACD是直角三角形,ABDCBD,ABBD.,(1)证明:平面ACD平面ABC; (2)过AC的平面交BD于点E,若平面AEC把四面体ABCD分成体积相等的两部分,求二面角DAEC的余弦值.,(1)证明 由题设可得,ABDCBD. 从而ADDC,又ACD

2、为直角三角形, 所以ADC90, 取AC的中点O,连接DO,BO,则DOAC,DOAO, 又由于ABC是正三角形,故BOAC, 所以DOB为二面角DACB的平面角.(建模) 在RtAOB中,BO2OA2AB2, 又ABBD,所以BO2DO2BO2AO2AB2BD2,故DOB90, 所以平面ACD平面ABC.,(2)解 由题设及(1)知,OA,OB,OD两两垂直,以O为坐标原点,,设平面AED的一个法向量为n1(x1,y1,z1),平面AEC的一个法向量为n2(x2,y2,z2),,探究提高 1.(1)建模:构建二面角的平面角模型. (2)建系:以两两垂直的直线为坐标轴. 2.破解策略:立体几何

3、的内容在高考中的考查情况总体上比较稳定,因此,复习备考时往往有“纲”可循,有“题”可依.在平时的学习中,要加强“一题两法(几何法与向量法)”的训练,切勿顾此失彼;要重视识图训练,能正确确定关键点或线的位置,将局部空间问题转化为平面问题;能依托于题中的垂直条件,建立适当的空间直角坐标系,将几何问题化归为代数问题.,【训练3】 (2018日照一模)如图所示的几何体ABCDE中,DA平面EAB,CBDA,EADAAB2CB,EAAB,M是线段EC上的点(不与端点重合),F为线段DA上的点,N为线段BE的中点.,(1)证明 如图1,连接MN,因M,N分别是线段EC,线段BE的中点,,又CBDA,MNDA,MNFD. 所以四边形MNFD为平行四边形,FNMD. 又FN平面MBD,MD平面MBD,所以FN平面MBD.,图1,(2)解 由已知,分别以AE,AB,AD所在直线为x轴、y轴、z轴建立空间直角坐标系Axyz,如图2,设CB1,则A(0,0,0),B(0,2,0),C(0,2,1),D(0,0,2),E(2,0,0),,图2,由已知,平面ABD的一个法向量为n1(1,0,0),,设平面MBD的法向量为n(x,y,z),,解之得,1或3. 又因为平面ABD与平面MBD所成二面角为锐角, 所以1.,

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