1、2011 年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：62.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1._ is a central vowel.（分数：2.00）A.eB.iC.uD.a2.Which of the following is a pair of relational opposites?（分数：2.00）A.single vs. marriedB.hot vs. coldC.alive vs. deadD.husband vs. wife3.Which of the following is a minimal pair?（
2、分数：2.00）A.pet, kidB.put, pestC.cave, shaveD.must, taste4.Which of the following ways of word-formation does not change the grammatical class of the stems?（分数：2.00）A.compoundB.inflectionC.derivationD.coinage5.Which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）A.Larynx is what we sometimes call “Adam“
3、s apple“.B.The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription.C.There are two nasal consonants in English.D.It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.6.A _has been added to Chomsky“s first model of grammar as shown in his Aspects of the Theory of Syntax(1965).（分数：2.00）A.set of r
4、ewriting rulesB.component of categoriesC.semantic componentD.word classification7.According to the manner of articulation,mis a_.（分数：2.00）A.bilabialB.plosiveC.nasalD.lateral8.“I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. “ This shows that language has the design feature of_.（分数：
5、2.00）A.arbitrarinessB.creativityC.dualityD.displacement9._ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.（分数：2.00）A.LangueB.CompetenceC.Communicative competenceD.Linguistic potential10.Which of the following is an “inflectional suffix“?（分数：2.00）A.-istB.-ary
6、C.-ingD.-ify11.In today“s grammar we normally say that English does not have a “ future tense“. This is because in English _.（分数：2.00）A.the future is not expressed by morphological changeB.the future can be expressed in many waysC.the future belongs to the category of “aspect“D.the future is express
7、ed by modal verbs12._is a phenomenon that in some speech communities two languages exist side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes.（分数：2.00）A.BilingualismB.DiglossiaC.PidginD.Creole13._ is a personal dialect of an individual spea
8、ker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.（分数：2.00）A.RegisterB.Linguistic repertoireC.IdiolectD.Dialect14.Which of the following is NOT included in the three classes of syntactic relations?（分数：2.00）A.positional relationsB.relations of co-occurrenceC.relations
9、of expansionD.relations of substitutability15.All of the following are characteristics of implicature EXCEPT_.（分数：2.00）A.conventionalityB.non-detachabilityC.cancellabilityD.calculability16.“He has already trunked two packs“ is an example of_error.（分数：2.00）A.anticipationB.exchangeC.morpheme-exchangeD
10、.perception17.The criterion used in IC analysis is_.（分数：2.00）A.constructionB.constituentC.structureD.substitutability18.According to G. Leech, who recognizes 7 types of meaning in his Semantics, _ makes up the central part.（分数：2.00）A.conceptual meaningB.connotative meaningC.social meaningD.thematic
11、meaning19.“The Club“ is a device for blocking an automobile“s steering wheel, thus protecting the car from being stolen. And one of its ads reads:The Club ! FD Anti-theft device for cars Police Say: “ Use it“ or Lose It In terms of the Gricean theory, what maxim is exploited here?（分数：2.00）A.the maxi
12、m of mannerB.the maxim of relevanceC.the maxim of qualityD.the maxim of quantity20.What semantic relation do the following sentences have?A. I saw a girl.B. I saw a child.（分数：2.00）A.contradictionB.entailmentC.synonymD.Presupposition二、名词解释(总题数：6，分数：12.00)21.semantic field theory(3 points)（分数：2.00）_22
13、.favourite sentence type(4 points)（分数：2.00）_23.free variation(3 points)（分数：2.00）_24.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis(4 points)（分数：2.00）_25.endocentric construction(3 points)（分数：2.00）_26.back formation(3 points)（分数：2.00）_三、写作题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)27.Choose any THREE of the following questions to analyze. Write the
14、number of the question and your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Discuss the major contributions of Saussure to modern linguistics.（分数：2.00）_28.Comment on the “innateness hypothesis“.（分数：2.00）_29.Explain the purpose and significance of reconstruction in historical linguistics and the method employed by hi
15、storical linguists.（分数：2.00）_30.How do you interpret the distinctions between language acquisition and language learning?（分数：2.00）_31.How do you comment on the two frequently used analogies for attempted inference on the origin of language: the acquisition of speech by children and the structures an
16、d characteristics of so-called “primitive“ languages?（分数：2.00）_2011 年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案解析(总分：62.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1._ is a central vowel.（分数：2.00）A.eB.iC.uD.a 解析：解析：考查中元音。英语元音可以根据舌位分为前元音、中元音、后元音，中元音有2.Which of the following is a pair of relational opposites?（分数：2.00）A.single
17、vs. marriedB.hot vs. coldC.alive vs. deadD.husband vs. wife 解析：解析：考查关系对立项。它是逆向反义词的另一个名称，逆向反义关系通常见于两两相对的社会角色、亲属关系、时间关系、空间关系等。3.Which of the following is a minimal pair?（分数：2.00）A.pet, kidB.put, pestC.cave, shave D.must, taste解析：解析：考查最小对立体。当两个词，除了出现在同一位置上的一个音外，其余的音都相同，那么这两个词就构成了一个最小对立体。4.Which of the
18、following ways of word-formation does not change the grammatical class of the stems?（分数：2.00）A.compoundB.inflection C.derivationD.coinage解析：解析：考查构词法中的屈折变化。屈折变化是通过附加屈折词缀进行构词，体现的是语法关系，如数、人称、有定性、体和格，屈折词缀不会改变所附加词语的语法类。5.Which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）A.Larynx is what we sometimes cal
19、l “Adam“s apple“.B.The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription. C.There are two nasal consonants in English.D.It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.解析：解析：考查宽式标音和严式标音。只用字母符号标记语音时，称为宽式标音，除了字母符号之外还用变音符号对语音进行标记时，则称为严式标音。IPA 除了用字母符号之外，还用了变音符号。6.A _has been added to Chomsky
20、“s first model of grammar as shown in his Aspects of the Theory of Syntax(1965).（分数：2.00）A.set of rewriting rulesB.component of categoriesC.semantic component D.word classification解析：解析：考查乔姆斯基的标准理论。在标准理论阶段(1965 一 1970)，乔姆斯基在他的语法模型中加入了语义成分。7.According to the manner of articulation,mis a_.（分数：2.00）A.b
21、ilabialB.plosiveC.nasal D.lateral解析：解析：考查发音方式。根据发音方式，辅音可以分为爆破音、鼻音、擦音、近音、边音、颤音、触音和闪音以及塞擦音。在英语中，有m，n，三个鼻音。8.“I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. “ This shows that language has the design feature of_.（分数：2.00）A.arbitrarinessB.creativityC.dualityD.displacement 解析：解析：考查语言的移位
22、性特征。移位性指人类语言可以让使用者表达说话当时当地并不存在的物体、事件和观点。9._ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.（分数：2.00）A.Langue B.CompetenceC.Communicative competenceD.Linguistic potential解析：解析：考查语言的定义。语言是一个言语集团的所有成员共享的抽象语言系统。10.Which of the following is an “inflectional suffi
23、x“?（分数：2.00）A.-istB.-aryC.-ing D.-ify解析：解析：考查屈折词缀。屈折词缀体现的是语法关系，产生的是一个词的不同形式，如数、人称、体和格等，不会改变所附加词语的词类。11.In today“s grammar we normally say that English does not have a “ future tense“. This is because in English _.（分数：2.00）A.the future is not expressed by morphological change B.the future can be expr
24、essed in many waysC.the future belongs to the category of “aspect“D.the future is expressed by modal verbs解析：解析：考查英语的时态。现在一般认为英语中有两种时态：现在时和过去时。因为将来时并不采用跟它们相同的表达方式。将来时不用形态学手段表达，即不用动词的不同形式表达，而是用其他手段表达。12._is a phenomenon that in some speech communities two languages exist side by side with each having
25、 a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes.（分数：2.00）A.Bilingualism B.DiglossiaC.PidginD.Creole解析：解析：考查双语现象。在某些语言社区中，两种语言同时存在，各自扮演不同的角色，当场合变换时，两种语言之间发生转换，这被称为双语现象。13._ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, so
26、cial, gender, and age variations.（分数：2.00）A.RegisterB.Linguistic repertoireC.Idiolect D.Dialect解析：解析：考查个人方言。个人方言指的是个人在特定语言的整个体系内说或写所显示出来的语言体系，它综合了宗教、社会、性别以及年龄等因素。14.Which of the following is NOT included in the three classes of syntactic relations?（分数：2.00）A.positional relationsB.relations of co-occ
27、urrenceC.relations of expansion D.relations of substitutability解析：解析：考查句法关系。句法关系是指在句子组合中词和词之间的关系，有三种位置关系，替代关系和共现关系。15.All of the following are characteristics of implicature EXCEPT_.（分数：2.00）A.conventionality B.non-detachabilityC.cancellabilityD.calculability解析：解析：考查会话含义的特点。会话含义的特点有可推导性、可取消性和不可分离性。1
28、6.“He has already trunked two packs“ is an example of_error.（分数：2.00）A.anticipationB.exchangeC.morpheme-exchange D.perception解析：解析：考查词素交换错误。词素交换错误指的是一个口语句子语法结构正确，但是句中两个词的词根或者基本形式交换了位置，如本题中的“trunk”和“pack”。17.The criterion used in IC analysis is_.（分数：2.00）A.constructionB.constituentC.structureD.substi
29、tutability 解析：解析：考查直接成分分析法。其分析标准是可替换性，即看某组词语能否被一个单独的词所取代，取代之后结构是否保持不变。18.According to G. Leech, who recognizes 7 types of meaning in his Semantics, _ makes up the central part.（分数：2.00）A.conceptual meaning B.connotative meaningC.social meaningD.thematic meaning解析：解析：考查利奇提出的七种意义。分别是概念意义，内涵意义，社会意义，情感意
30、义，反射意义，搭配意义，主题意义。利奇认为概念意义是七种意义的中心部分。19.“The Club“ is a device for blocking an automobile“s steering wheel, thus protecting the car from being stolen. And one of its ads reads:The Club ! FD Anti-theft device for cars Police Say: “ Use it“ or Lose It In terms of the Gricean theory, what maxim is explo
31、ited here?（分数：2.00）A.the maxim of mannerB.the maxim of relevance C.the maxim of qualityD.the maxim of quantity解析：解析：考查合作原则的四个准则，分别是数量准则，质量准则，关系准则，方式准则。关系准则要求说话内容与谈话有关联。20.What semantic relation do the following sentences have?A. I saw a girl.B. I saw a child.（分数：2.00）A.contradictionB.entailment C.sy
32、nonymD.Presupposition解析：解析：考查句子之间的语义关系。语义关系有蕴含，预设，矛盾，不一致，语义异常。蕴含是指命题之间的意义关系，一个命题意义包含在另一个命题意义当中。二、名词解释(总题数：6，分数：12.00)21.semantic field theory(3 points)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The origin of the field theory of semantics is the lexical field theory introduced by Jost Trier in the 1930s. Semantic field is
33、 a term referring to the phenomenon that vocabulary is an integrated system interrelated in sense and can be divided into semantically related sets or fields. Words in each semantic field define one another, so a meaning of a word is dependent partly on its relation to other words in the same concep
34、tual area. Semantic field is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks.)解析：解析：(考查语义场理论的定义)22.favourite sentence type(4 points)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It is also called full sentence type in English. It means the most common and most typical sentence types
35、in a language. For example, in English, the sentence type that has a subject, a predicate, an object and all these constituents being organized in a certain order is a favorite sentence type, such as “John opened the door just now“.)解析：解析：(考查常用句型的定义)23.free variation(3 points)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：If
36、 two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.)解析：解析：(考查自由变异的定义)24.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis(4 points)
37、（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：This hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our view of the world. The hypothesis has two versions,(i)linguistic determinismlanguage may determine our thinking patterns and(ii)linguistic relativitysimilarity between languages is relative, and the greater their structu
38、ral differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. Thus, two versions of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis have been developed, a strong version and a weak version.)解析：解析：(考查萨丕尔一沃尔夫假说的定义)25.endocentric construction(3 points)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It refers to the construct
39、ion whose distribution is functionally equivalent to one of its constituents which serves as a head or a center of the whole. So, it is also called headed construction. The endocentric construction can be further divided into the following two types; subordinate endocentric construction and coordina
40、te endocentric construction.)解析：解析：(考查向心结构的定义)26.back formation(3 points)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.)解析：解析：(考查逆构词法的定义)三、写作题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)27.Choose any
41、THREE of the following questions to analyze. Write the number of the question and your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Discuss the major contributions of Saussure to modern linguistics.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Saussure is the father of modern linguistics. Saussure is the first to notice the complexities of l
42、anguage. He considers human language as an extremely complex and heterogeneous phenomenon.(1 point) Saussure believes that language is a system of signs that uses sound to express or exchange ideas. The sign is the union of a form and an idea, i. e. , the signifier and the signified. The sign is the
43、 central fact of language, and therefore the study of language must be started from the nature of the sign itself.(3 points) Saussure directs our attention to the essentials of language and makes clear the object of study for linguistics as a science.(2 points)His ideas on the arbitrary nature of si
44、gn, on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of signifier and signified, langue and parole, synchronic and diachronic research, etc. push linguistics into a brand new stage.(3 points)In short, all linguistics in the 20th century are Saussurean linguistics.(1 point)解析：解析：考查索绪尔对现代语言学的主要贡献。索绪尔被称为现代语言学之父，他最先注意到
