1、2010 年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、单项选择题1 _units are meaningless and_units have distinct and identifiable meaning.（A）Primary/Secondary（B） First/Secondary（C） Minimal/Secondary（D）Secondary/Primary2 Idioms are products of_of language.（A）conventionality（B） arbitrariness（C） creativity（D）duality3 Which of
2、the following words is not an open-class word?（A）suspicious（B） category（C） prescribe（D）although4 “The man standing in the hallway looked depressed“ is a(an)_ construction.（A）endocentric（B） exocentric（C） coordinative（D）subordinate5 In the word “unavailability“ , _ is the root.（A）un（B） available（C） av
3、ail（D）ability6 “Maple“, “willow“, “polar“ and “pine“ are_of “tree“.（A）super-ordinates（B） co-hyponyms（C） relational hyponyms（D）gradable opposites7 In Austins term, the verb “appreciate“ in the sentence “I really appreciate what you have done for me“ is a(an)_.（A）active verb（B） predicative verb（C） con
4、stative verb（D）performative verb8 The difference between “I have a pair of blue pants“ and “I have a pair of blue trousers“ is_.（A）dialectical（B） stylistic（C） emotive（D）connotative9 The word “digitalization“ consists of_syllables as against morphemes.（A）five/three（B） six/three（C） six/four（D）five/fiv
5、e10 The borrowing of some features from a basic level category and applying of them to the super-ordinate level is called_.（A）composite categorization（B） interactive categorization（C） characteristic categorization（D）parasitical categorization11 According to Lakoff and Johnson, “ His greediness began
6、 to balloon quickly“ represents a(an)_.（A）structural metaphor（B） ontological metaphor（C） orientational metaphor（D）conceptual metaphor12 The study of how language relates to culture is more likely to fall under the sphere of_.（A）sociolinguistics（B） anthropological linguistics（C） comparative linguisti
7、cs（D）historical linguistics13 In terms of the place of articulation, the following soundstnzshare the feature of_.（A）palatal（B） alveolar（C） bilabial（D）velar14 Of the two kinds of minimization as categorized by Levinson, the one that has nothing to do with I-p is_.（A）semantic minimization（B） informat
8、ion minimization（C） expression minimization（D）pragmatic minimization15 Which maxim is flouted in the sentence “Ronald is either a movie star, or a politician or both“?（A）maxim of manner（B） maxim of quality（C） maxim of quantity（D）maxim of relevance16 Which of the following can best describe the relat
9、ionship between “They have six cows“ and “They have some animals“?（A）presupposition（B） synonym（C） antonym（D）entailment17 Traditional grammar and structural grammar differ in that_ is descriptive and empirical.（A）traditional grammar（B） structural grammar（C） functional grammar（D）universal grammar18 In
10、 which of the following aspects conversational implicature theory and speech act theory are different?（A）How contextual meaning is generated.（B） How much the implied meaning is dependent on the context.（C） How much role the conventional meaning of words plays.（D）How indeterminate the implied meaning
11、 is.19 The argument that similarity and frequency both play important roles in processing and understanding language is supported by_.（A）generative grammarians（B） historical linguists（C） connectionists in psycholinguistics（D）American functionalists20 Linguists are interested in particular instances
12、of language use only when the instances exemplify_.（A）the language system（B） the perception of reality（C） aesthetic experience（D）the meanings codes convey二、填空题21 _ deals with the combination of words into phrases, clauses and sentences. It is the grammar of sentence construction.22 Human language is
13、 _. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with.23 Human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to the objects he encountered. This is known as “_Theory“.24 _is a property of language e
14、nabling people to talk about things remote either in space or in time.25 Language is used to create certain feelings in the hearers. This is called_function.26 _relation means the vertical relationship between forms, which might occupy the same particular place in a structure.27 _is the description
15、of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.28 The most important ways of word formation are , derivation and conversion. 29 Some new words are composed of the first letters of a series of words and pronounced by saying each letter in them. This kind of words are called _.30 One type
16、of descriptive approach is called_ analysis. Its main objective is to study the distribution of linguistic forms in a language.31 _linguistics is an approach to language that is based on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it.32 _ is the result of embodied sensorimo
17、tor and cognitive structures that generate meaning in and through our ongoing interaction with our changing environments.33 The prototype can be understood as a schematic_of the conceptual core of a category.34 A _ is a typical instance of a category, and other elements are assimilated to the catego
18、ry on the basis of their perceived resemblance to the prototype.35 _ is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.36 G. Leech recognizes seven types of meaning and says the _ meaning makes up the central part.3
19、7 _is the technical name for the oppositeness relation.38 “Utterance“ may be defined as a piece of actually used language. In this sense we can divide the study of meaning into two types. One is concerned with the meaning of words and sentences, as abstract units of the language system; and the othe
20、r is concerned with the meaning of_, as units of language in use.39 To specify the COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE, Grice introduced four categories of maxims as follows; Quantity, Quality, Relation and_.40 As metaphor means the transport of ideas in Greek, _means a change of name.三、简答题41 One of the design fe
21、atures of language is displacement. What does it mean?42 Please distinguish inflectional affix and derivational affix briefly.43 One of the word formation processes is called blending. What does it mean?44 What is exocentric construction? Give an example.45 One of the maxims of Cooperative Principle
22、 is the maxim of manner. Please explain it in brief.四、写作题46 Essay Question.(10 points)Compare and discuss the main characteristics of subjects in English and Chinese.2010 年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、单项选择题1 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查对语言的双重性特征的理解。底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。底层结构由一些本身没有意义的语音组成，但是它们可以各自组合成有意义的单位，
23、从而形成具有独特、确定意义的上层单位。2 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查习语与语言的规约性。习语是相沿已久、约定俗成、具有完整和独特意义的词语。3 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查开放词类的定义。开放类词指那些数目不确定、无限的词，其数目会随着社会发展不断地增加。名词、动词、形容词和副词均属于开放类词。4 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查向心结构和离心结构。向心结构是指该结构的分布在功能上等同于其中一个充当中心词或中心的成分的结构。离心结构是指该结构的分布在功能上不等同于它的任何一个成分，没有明显的中心词或中心结构。5 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查词根的定义。词根指去掉所有词缀后
24、剩下来的部分。每个词都包含一个词根语素，它可以是自由语素或粘着语素。6 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查上下义关系。上下义关系是一种类和成员间的关系。位于这种意义关系上位的词语叫上坐标词，居于下位的叫做下义词，同类中的成员叫做同下义词。7 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查施为动词的概念。有些动词不描写事物，没有真假，说出这样的词就是，至少部分是，实施一种行为，我们称其为施为动词。8 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查方言的概念。在方言中，地域方言是语言因地域方面的差别而形成的变体。本题中 pants 意为“长裤”时多用于美式英语中，英式英语中同样的意思要用 trousers 表示，二者在此
25、句中意义相同，但使用的地域不同。9 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查音节和语素的概念。语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不被破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。音节则是听觉能感受到的最自然的语音单位，由一个或几个音素按一定规律组合而成，一个元音音素可构成一个音节，一个元音音素和一个或几个辅音音素结合也可以构成一个音节。10 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查寄生性范畴的定义。寄生性范畴基本的理念是借用基本层次范畴的一些特征并将其应用到上位范畴中去。11 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查实体隐喻的概念。实体隐喻是指人类以生理实体的经验为基础，把事件、行为、情感、思想等抽象概念视
26、为实体的修辞方法。12 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查人类语言学的定义。人类语言学用人类学的理论和方法研究人类语言的变化和语言在人类文化模式和信仰中的运用。13 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查辅音的分类。根据发音部位，辅音可以分为双唇音、唇齿音、齿音、齿龈音、齿龈后音、卷舌音、硬腭音、软腭音、小舌音、咽音和声门音。英语中t，n，z ，是齿龈音。14 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查语义最小化、表达式最小化与 Levinson 提出的信息原则之间的关系。Levinson 区分了两种最小化：语义最小化和表达式最小化，他认为语义最小化与信息原则有关，而表达式最小化则属于方式原则的范围。15
27、 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查合作原则中的方式准则。方式准则要求说话者的言语要符合以下要求：说话要清楚明白，避免晦涩、歧义，做到简练、有序。16 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查句子之间的语义关系。蕴含是指命题之间的意义关系，一个命题意义包含在另一个命题意义当中。存在蕴含关系的两个句子具有下列真值关系：当 A 为真时， B 也一定为真； 当 B 为假时，A 为假；当 A 为假时，B 或真或假；当 B 为假时，A 或真或假。17 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查传统语法和结构主义语法的区别。相比传统语法，结构主义语法知识对语言中发现的一切进行描写；其次，结构主义语法非常注重以经验为根据
28、以及在观察中的客观性。18 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查会话含义理论和言语行为理论的区别。这两种理论的区别在于：关于语境意义的产生，它们分别用不同方法进行了解释。19 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查连接理论以及其中的相似和频率理论。连接论者认为相似性和频率效应在人们处理和理解语言方面起着重要作用。20 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查语言学的研究内容。只有当语言中的特例能反映某个语言系统时，语言学家们才会对这些特例产生兴趣。二、填空题21 【正确答案】 Syntax【试题解析】 (考查句法学的概念)句法学研究的是语言中词组组合成句子的支配规则，或日研究句子的构造。22 【正确答案】
29、 arbitrary【试题解析】 (考查语言的任意性特征)这是语言的核心特征，指符号的声音与其意义之间没有逻辑关系。23 【正确答案】 The Natural Response【试题解析】 (考查语言先天反射理论)这种理论认为语言起源于人类在面对环境中所遇到的事物时发出的声音。24 【正确答案】 Displacement【试题解析】 (考查语言的移位性特征)移位性指人类语言可以让使用者来表示在说话当时当地并不存在的物体、事件和观点。25 【正确答案】 emotive【试题解析】 (考查语言的感情功能)感情功能用以在听者心中引起某种感情或改变听者的感情。26 【正确答案】 Paradigmati
30、c【试题解析】 (考查聚合关系的定义)聚合关系是指在一个结构中某一个特定位置上可以互相替换的各要素之间的关系。聚合关系又叫做垂直关系或选择关系。27 【正确答案】 Phonology【试题解析】 (考查音系学的概念)音系学是对各种语言的语音模式和语音系统的研究，其目的是发现语言中支配语音组合方式的规律并解释语音中出现的变化。28 【正确答案】 compounding【试题解析】 (考查词的形成)关于词的形成，最重要的三种方法是：复合(复合词)、派生(派生词) 以及转换。29 【正确答案】 acronyms【试题解析】 (考查缩略语的概念)缩略语由一串单词的首字母组成，发音的时候把其中的每个字母
31、都念出来。30 【正确答案】 structural【试题解析】 (考查结构分析的概念)描述语言学中有一种结构分析方法，其主要目标是研究一门语言中语言形态的分布。31 【正确答案】 Cognitive【试题解析】 (考查认知语言学的定义)认知语言学是基于人类对世界的体验以及他们感知和概念化世界的方式。32 【正确答案】 Experience【试题解析】 (考查经验的概念)在语言学中，经验主义者认为经验是具体化的感觉和认知结构的产物，这种感觉和认知结构会在我们与变化的环境之间不断的相互作用，并通过这种作用生成意义。33 【正确答案】 representation【试题解析】 (考查原型的概念)原型
32、可以被理解为一个范畴的概念核心的示意图。34 【正确答案】 prototype【试题解析】 (考查原型理论的基本内容)原型是范畴内最典型的成员，其他成分则基于它们与原型之间的相似性而隶属于该范畴。35 【正确答案】 Vocabulary【试题解析】 (考查词汇的概念)词汇是一个表达单位，无论是通过口语还是书面语来表达，它在母语者中都能被广泛而本能地识别。36 【正确答案】 conceptual meaIIing【试题解析】 (考查利奇提出的七种意义)这七种意义分别是概念意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义、反射意义、搭配意义和主题意义，其中概念意义是语义的中心部分。37 【正确答案】 Anton
33、ymy【试题解析】 (考查反义关系)反义关系指词汇意义的相反。意义上相反的词叫反义词。38 【正确答案】 utterances【试题解析】 (考查话语意义)与词义和句意相对应，话语意义关注的是语言单位在应用中的意义。39 【正确答案】 Manner【试题解析】 (考查格赖斯提出的合作原则)合作原则有四条准则：数量准则、质量准则、关系准则以及方式准则。40 【正确答案】 metonymy【试题解析】 (考查转喻的概念)转喻是一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。正如暗喻在希腊语中意味着思想的“传送”一样，转喻意味着名称的改变。三、简答题41 【正确答案】 By disp
34、lacement it means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in faraway places. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalizations and abstractions. In a word, the inte
35、llectual benefit of displacement to us is that it makes it possible for us to talk and think in abstract terms.(4 points)【试题解析】 考查语言的移位性特征。语言的移位性特征指人类语言可以让使用者来表示在说话当时当地并不存在的物体、事件和观点。移位性赋予人们概括和抽象的能力，使我们有可能在抽象的层面上说话和思考。42 【正确答案】 First, inflectional affixes are generally less productive than derivation
36、al affixes; they often only add a minute or delicate grammatical function to the stem. However, derivational affixes are very productive in making new words.(1 point)Second, inflectional affixes do not change the word class of the word they attach to, such as flower and flowers, whereas derivational
37、 affixes might or might not be the word class of the word they attach to, such as small and smallness, brother and brotherhood.(1 point)Third, whether one should add inflectional affixes or not depends very often on other factors within the phrase or sentence. However, derivational affixes are more
38、often based on simple meaning distinctions.(1 point)Fourth, in English, inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes, which are always word final. But derivational affixes can both be prefixes and suffixes.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查屈折词缀和派生词缀的区别。屈折词缀不改变词类，只在词干后面添加一个微小或微妙的语法意义；派生词缀常常改变词汇的意义和词类。英语中的屈折词缀大多都是后缀，但派生词
39、缀可以是前缀或后缀。43 【正确答案】 Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by only joining the initial parts of the two words.(4 points)【试题解析】 考查构词法中的混成法概念。混成法指的是一个单词由两个单词混合而成，一般把第一个
40、单词的开头部分和第二个单词的最后部分连接起来，或者是把两个单词的开头部分连接起来。44 【正确答案】 Exocentric construction refers to a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents, none of which serves as a noticeable head or a center of the whole. Exocentric construction usually includes basic sentenc
41、e, prepositional phrase, predicate construction, and connective construction. For example, “take a break“ , “at present“ are exocentric constructions.(4 points)【试题解析】 考查离心结构。离心结构是指该结构的分布在功能上不等同于它的任何一个成分，没有明显的中心词或中心结构。45 【正确答案】 It means the utterance should meet the following requirements; avoid obsc
42、urity of expression, avoid ambiguity, be brief(avoid unnecessary prolixity), and be orderly. The maxim is not prescriptive, instead, it is descriptive, that is, it describes what really happens in our daily conversation.(4 points)【试题解析】 考查合作原则中的方式准则。方式准则要求说话者的言语要符合以下要求：说话要清楚明白，避免晦涩、歧义，做到简练、有序。四、写作题4
43、6 【正确答案】 The subject in English means the grammatical subject, which usually appears before the main verb of the sentence. Grammatically, a subject must agree with the verb, and it is the statement object of the verb. In an English sentence, the subject is indispensable, and the words that can be us
44、ed as a subject must be nouns, noun phrases, nominative pronouns, or other word categories with the nature of nouns. It can be an agent or recipient.(4 points)In Chinese, a subject is a statement object that appears in the front of a sentence. It can be a noun, a numeral, a verb, an adjective or phr
45、ases of these word categories. Grammatically, there is no agreement between the subject and the predicate and the subject can often be omitted.(4 points)To sum up, English is a language that is subject-prominent, while Chinese is topic-prominent. English pays more attention to impersonal expressions
46、, while Chinese is used to state personal expressions.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查英语和汉语中主语的主要特点。英语中的主语是指语法主语，在句中一般位于动词之前；主语需和谓语动词保持一致，是谓语陈述的对象；主语不可或缺，且只能由名词、名词短语、名词性成分或主格代词担当，主语可以是施事，也可以是受事。汉语的主语位于句子前半部，是句子的陈述对象，可以由名词、数量词、代词、动词、形容词或词组等充当；主谓之间不存在一致关系，主语可以省略。英语是主语显著型的语言，汉语是话题显著型的语言。此外，英、汉语主语的另一差别是英语的物称倾向和汉语的人称倾向。
