1、工商管理硕士入学考试-逻辑推理反对及答案解析(总分：485.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.Our words are meaningless and cannot be distinguished from their opposites, as can be proved by an example. People think that they know the difference between the meanings of “bald“ and “having hair.“ Suppose an average person twentyone years of age has
2、N hairs on his or her head. We say that that person is not bald but has hair. But surely one hair less would make no difference, and a person with N-1 hairs on his or her head would be said to have hair. Suppose we kept on, with one hair less each time. The result would be the same. But what would b
3、e the difference between someone who had one hair and someone who had none? We call them both bald. Nowhere can we make a distinction between “bald“ and “having hair.“Which of the following statements best counters the argument above?（分数：5.00）A.The word “bald“ can be translated into other languages.
4、B.A word can have more than one meaning.C.A word such as “cat“ can be applied to several animals that differ in some respects.D.Words can lack precision without being meaningless.E.(E) People cannot think clearly without using words.2.Senator: Jones is highly qualified for appointment as a judge, as
5、 evidenced by Joness receiving a unanimous vote of “qualified“ on the formal rating scale used by the Lawyers Committee. That committee advises the Senate on judicial appointments.Which of the following, if true, is the best reason for dismissing the senators claim that Jones is highly qualified?（分数
6、：5.00）A.Several members of the Lawyers Committee are not themselves qualified for judicial appointments.B.The Lawyers Committee does not advise the Senate on all judicial appointments.C.The Lawyers Committee gives a unanimous vote of “qualified“ only to those candidates for judicial appointments who
7、 meet the committees stringent standards for appropriate prior experience and ethical conduct.D.The Lawyers Committee gives a unanimous vote of either “highly qualified“ or “very highly qualified“ to 95 percent of all candidates for judicial appointments.E.(E) Jones, like most lawyers, is a member o
8、f the professional organization that originally suggested the establishment of the Lawyers Committee.3.During his three years in office, the governor of a state has frequently been accused of having sexist attitudes toward women. Yet he has filled five of the nineteen vacant high-level positions in
9、his administration with women appointees, all of whom are still serving. This shows that the governor is not sexist.Which of the following statements, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion above?（分数：5.00）A.One of the women appointed by the governor to a highlevel position is planning t
10、o resign her post.B.The platform of the governors political party required him to appoint at least five women to high-level positions.C.Forty-seven percent of the women who voted in the state gubernatorial election three years ago voted for the governor.D.A governor of a neighboring state recently a
11、ppointed seven women to high-level positions.E.(E) The governor appointed two Black Americans, two Hispanic Americans, and one Asian American to high-level positions in his administration.4.Before the printing press, books could be purchased only in expensive manuscript copies. The printing press pr
12、oduced books that were significantly leas expensive than the manuscript editions. The publics demand for printed books in the first years after the invention of the printing press was many times greater than demand had been for manuscript copies. This increase demonstrates that there was a dramatic
13、jump in the number of people who learned how to read in the years after publishers first started producing books on the printing press.Which one of the following statements, if true, casts doubt on the argument?（分数：5.00）A.During the first years after the invention of the printing press, letter writi
14、ng by people who wrote without the assistance of scribes or clerks exhibited a dramatic increase.B.Books produced on the printing press are often found with written comments in the margins in the handwriting of the people who owned the books.C.In the first years after the printing press was invented
15、, printed books were purchased primarily by people who had always bought and read expensive manuscripts but could afford a greater number of printed books for the same money.D.Books that were printed on the printing press in the first years after its invention often circulated among friends in infor
16、mal reading clubs or libraries.E.(E) The first printed books published after the invention of the printing press would have been useless to illiterate people, since the books had virtually no illustrations.5.Middletowns police currently remove an apparently abandoned car from the streets about two m
17、onths after it is reported. The police have been unfairly criticized for allowing such cars to be vandalized during this period. Because it is illegal for car owners to abandon cars on the street, police need not be concerned about protecting such cars.Which of the following, if true, most seriously
18、 weakens the argument above?（分数：5.00）A.In the past, vehicles abandoned in Middletown were removed from the streets an average of four months after initial reports to police.B.In one recent year, more than 150 abandoned vehicles were vandalized in Middletown, but police made no arrests for those acti
19、ons.C.Some cars initially classified by Middletowns police as abandoned were later reclassified as stolen vehicles.D.Middletowns understaffed police force must give the disposition of abandoned cars low priority because of the number of violent crimes now committed there.E.(E) In the most recent yea
20、r for which data are available, there were 28 percent fewer reports of abandoned vehicles than the yearly average for the previous ten years.6.An overly centralized economy, not the changes in the climate, is responsible for the poor agricultural production in Country X since its new government came
21、 to power. Neighboring Country Y has experienced the same climatic conditions, but while agricultural production has been falling in Country X, it has been rising in Country Y.Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?（分数：5.00）A.Industrial production also is declining in
22、Country X.B.Whereas Country Y is landlocked, Country X has a major seaport.C.Both Country X and Country Y have been experiencing drought conditions.D.The crops that have always been grown in Country X are different from those that have always been grown in Country Y.E.(E) Country Xs new government i
23、nstituted a centralized economy with the intention of ensuring an equitable distribution of goods.7.The price of maple syrup has jumped front 22 dollars a gallon three years ago to 40 dollars a gallon today. It can be concluded that maple-syrup harvesters have been artificially inflating prices and
24、that governmental price regulations are necessary to control rising prices.Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the conclusion drawn above?（分数：5.00）A.The government already requires maple-syrup harvesters to submit their facilities to licensing by the health department.B.Insect i
25、nfestation and drought have stunted the growth of syrup-producing maple trees and caused leas-abundant syrup harvests.C.Maple syrup is produced in rural areas that suffer from high unemployment.D.Technological improvements in maple-syrup harvesting have reduced production costs.E.(E) Maple-syrup pri
26、ces have risen many times in the past, though never before at the rate recently observed.8.Here is a new idea in agricultural weed control. Rather than trying to formulate herbicides that kill specific weeds but are harmless to grain crops, use a broad-spectrum herbicide effective against all kinds
27、of plants and use genetic engineering specifically to make the crops impervious to the herbicide.Which of the following, if true, is the most serious obstacle to an implementation of the new idea outlined above?（分数：5.00）A.Certain herbicides that are effective against specific weeds can inhibit the g
28、rowth of certain crops as much as two years after application.B.Research to date suggests that the nutritional properties of crop plants would not improve as a result of the genetic alterations being contemplated.C.Most herbicides that kill only a narrow range of targets contain active ingredients t
29、hat are harmful to domestic animals and wildlife.D.Effective broad-spectrum herbicides are on the market, but their very effectiveness has so far rendered them unsuitable for agricultural weed control.E.(E) Although genetic modification has made individual plants of grain species resistant to broad-
30、spectrum herbicides, the seeds that such plants produce will not sprout.9.A company is considering changing its policy concerning daily working hours. Currently, this company requires all employees to arrive at work at 8 a.m. The proposed policy would permit each employee to decide when to arrivefro
31、m as early as 6 a.m. to as late as 11 a.m.The adoption of this policy would be most likely to decrease employees productivity if the employees job functions required them to（分数：5.00）A.work without interruption from other employees.B.consult at least once a day with employees from other companies.C.s
32、ubmit their work for a supervisors eventual approval.D.interact frequently with each other throughout the entire workday.E.(E) undertake projects that take several days to complete.10.These days, everyone talks about being too busy. But all this busyness does not seem to result in things getting don
33、e. Just as many tasks are still left uncompleted, phone calls unreturned, and appointments missed as there were in the days before this outbreak of busyness. Therefore, people must not be as busy as they claim.Which one of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion in the pas
34、sage?（分数：5.00）A.These days, looking busy is a status symbol.B.People have to do much more these days than before the so-called outbreak of busyness.C.People waste so much time talking about being busy that they fail to get things done.D.Just as many things are getting done now as before the so-calle
35、d outbreak of busyness.E.(E) People have more leisure time these days than before the so-called outbreak of busyness.11.Country Y uses its scarce foreign-exchange reserves to buy scrap iron for recycling into steel. Although the steel thus produced earns more foreign exchange than it costs, that pol
36、icy is foolish. Country Ys own territory has vast deposits of iron ore, which can be mined with minimal expenditure of foreign exchange.Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for Country Ys policy of buying scrap iron abroad?（分数：5.00）A.The price of scrap iron international m
37、arkets rose significantly in 1987.B.Country Ys foreign-exchange reserves dropped significantly in 1987.C.There is virtually no difference in quality between steel produced from scrap iron and that produced from iron ore.D.Scrap iron is now used in the production of roughly half the steel used in the
38、 world today, and experts predict that scrap iron will be used even more extensively in the future.E.(E) Furnaces that process scrap iron can be built and operated in Country Y with substantially less foreign exchange than can furnaces that process iron ore.12.The Occupational Safety and Health Admi
39、nistration (OSHA) was established to protect workers from accidents and unsafe conditions on the job. There has actually been an increase in the number of job-related accidents under OSHA. This demonstrates the agencys ineffectiveness.Which of the following, if true, concerning the period during whi
40、ch the increase occurred, most seriously weakens the argument above?（分数：5.00）A.A number of job categories, excluded from the jurisdiction of OSHA in the legislation originally establishing the agency, have continued to be outside OSHAs jurisdiction.B.OSHA has been assigned a greater number of kinds
41、of workplace activities to monitor.C.There has been an increase in the total number of people at work, and the ratio of work-related deaths and injuries to size of work force has fallen in OSHA-supervised occupations.D.Regulations issued by OSHA have met with political criticism from elected officia
42、ls and the mass media.E.(E) The increase in job-related accidents has occurred mainly in a single job category, whereas the number of job-related accidents has remained approximately constant in other categories.13.When college students were asked about their experiences in childhood, those who reme
43、mbered their parents frequently being in pain were also those who experienced common pains, like headaches, most frequently as adults. This evidence argues that a persons childhood observations of adults in pain can make that person more susceptible to pain as an adult.Which of the following, if tru
44、e, most seriously weakens the argument above?（分数：5.00）A.Students who most frequently remembered that they were in pain as children were no more likely than the average student to experience common pains very frequently.B.Parents who were frequently in pain when their children were growing up often e
45、xperience just as much pain after their children have grown up.C.College students are in general less susceptible to common pains, like headaches, than are older adults.D.Adult memories of the circumstances of childhood pain are often vivid, but adults can rarely recall the subjective experience of
46、being in pain as a child.E.(E) A persons adult recollections of childhood are likely to emphasize those memories that reflect the persons adult experiences.14.The teacher of yoga said that he knows how good the yoga exercises feel and how beneficial they are to his mental and spiritual health. After
47、 all, he said, there must be something sound to any human practice that endures more than three thousand years of history.Which of the following, if true, is the strongest relevant objection to the argument the teacher makes on the basis of the time yoga has endured?（分数：5.00）A.The teacher benefits b
48、y the teaching of yoga and so, as a beneficiary, is not a disinterested witness.B.The practice of yoga has changed somewhat over three thousand years.C.The teacher cites the experience of only one person, whose well-being might be due to other causes.D.War, which cannot on balance be called sound, h
49、as lasted the length of human history.E.(E) Three thousand years is an underestimate of the time period.15.It is repeatedly claimed that the dumping of nuclear waste poses no threat to people living nearby. If this claim could be made with certainty, there would be no reason for not locating sites in areas of dense population. But the policy of dumping nuclear waste only in the more sparsely populated regions indicates, at the very least, some misgiving about safety on the part of those responsible for policy.Which one of the following, if true, would most seriously
