1、工商管理硕士入学考试-逻辑推理支持及答案解析(总分：310.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.The human craving for sweets was once beneficial: it attracted people to foods that were healthful (ripe fruit, for example) in preference to foods that were not healthful (unripe fruit, for example). However, now that sugar has been refined, it follows
2、that a craving for sweets is no longer beneficial, because refined sugar is not healthful.Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument above?（分数：5.00）A.Some foods can be healthful when cooked even if they are not healthful when eaten raw.B.Some people who crave sweets are more
3、 likely to eat a piece of ripened fruit than they are to eat a piece of candy.C.People who crave sweets are more likely to eat a food that contains refined sugar than a naturally sweet food like ripe fruit.D.Prehistoric humans probably were not able to distinguish between healthful foods and unhealt
4、hful foods without relying on their sense of taste.E.(E) Some unrefined foodstuffs are no more nutritious than their refined counterparts.2.The value of a product is determined by the ratio of its quality to its price. The higher the value of a product, the better will be its competitive position. T
5、herefore, either increasing the quality or lowering the price of a given product will increase the likelihood that consumer will select that product rather than a competing one.Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn above?（分数：5.00）A.It is possible to increase bot
6、h the quality and the price of a product without changing its competitive position.B.For certain segments of the population of consumers, higher-priced brands of some product lines are preferred to the lower-priced brands.C.Competing products often try to appeal to different segments of the populati
7、on of consumers.D.The competitive position of a product can be affected by such factors as advertising and brand loyalty.E.(E) Consumers perceptions of the quality of a product are based on the actual quality of the product.3.Approximately 5,000 people who have been convicted of nonviolent crimes in
8、 the state have been given community-service sentences instead of prison sentences. These offenders perform services commensurate with their training and skills, from scrubbing floors to conducting research for the state. The community-service program, which began in 1979, has grown immensely as a r
9、esult of drunken-driver legislation enacted a few months ago.The introduction of the community-service program in 1979 was most probably prompted by which of the following, all of which occurred during the 1970s?（分数：5.00）A.A decrease in the number of violent crimes in the state.B.An increase in the
10、number of crimes committed by employees of the state.C.A gradual decrease in the median age of judges in the state.D.The overcrowding of prisons in the state.E.(E) The passage of drunken-driver legislation in other states.4.There is a great deal of geographical variation in the frequency of many sur
11、gical proceduresup to tenfold variation per hundred thousand between different areas in the numbers of hysterectomies, prostatectomies, and tonsillectomies. To support a conclusion that much of the variation is due to unnecessary surgical procedures, it would be most important to establish which of
12、the following?（分数：5.00）A.A local board of review at each hospital examines the records of every operation to determine whether the surgical procedure was necessary.B.The variation is unrelated to factors (other than the surgical procedures themselves) that influence the incidence of diseases for whi
13、ch surgery might be considered.C.There are several categories of surgical procedure (other than hysterectomies, prostatectomies, and tonsillectomies) that are often performed unnecessarily.D.For certain surgical procedures, it is difficult to determine after the operation whether the procedures were
14、 necessary or whether alternative treatment would have succeeded.E.(E) With respect to how often they are performed unnecessarily, hysterectomies, prostatectomies, and tonsillectomies are representative of surgical procedures in general.5.Kale has more nutritional value than spinach. But since colla
15、rd greens have more nutritional value than lettuce, it follows that kale has more nutritional value than lettuce.Any of the following, if introduced into the argument as an additional premise, makes the argument above logically correct EXCEPT:（分数：5.00）A.Collard greens have more nutritional value tha
16、n kale.B.Spinach has more nutritional value than lettuce.C.Spinach has more nutritional value than collard greens.D.Spinach and collard greens have the same nutritional value.E.(E) Kale and collard greens have the same nutritional value.6.Defendants who can afford expensive private defense lawyers h
17、ave a lower conviction rate than those who rely on court-appointed public defenders. This explains why criminals who commit lucrative crimes like embezzlement or insider trading are more successful at avoiding conviction than are street criminals.The explanation offered above would be more persuasiv
18、e if which one of the following were true?（分数：5.00）A.Many street crimes, such as drug dealing, are extremely lucrative and those committing them can afford expensive private lawyers.B.Most prosecutors are not competent to handle cases involving highly technical financial evidence and have more succe
19、ss in prosecuting cases of robbery or simple assault.C.The number of criminals convicted of street crimes is far greater than the number of criminals convicted of embezzlement or insider trading.D.The percentage of defendants who actually committed the crimes of which they are accused is no greater
20、for publicly defended than for privately defended defendants.E.(E) Juries, out of sympathy for the victims of crimes, are much more likely to convict defendants accused of violent crimes than they are to convict defendants accused of “victimless“ crimes or crimes against property.7.Most geologists b
21、elieve oil results from chemical transformations of hydrocarbons derived from organisms buried under ancient seas. Suppose, instead, that oil actually results from bacterial action on other complex hydrocarbons that are trapped within the Earth. As is well known, the volume of these hydrocarbons exc
22、eeds that of buried organisms. Therefore, our oil reserves would be greater than most geologists believe.Which of the following, if true, gives the strongest support to the argument above about our oil reserves?（分数：5.00）A.Most geologists think optimistically about the Earths reserves of oil.B.Most g
23、eologists have performed accurate chemical analyses on previously discovered oil reserves.C.Ancient seas are buried within the Earth at many places where fossils are abundant.D.The only bacteria yet found in oil reserves could have leaked down drill holes from surface contaminants.E.(E) Chemical tra
24、nsformations reduce the volume of buried hydrocarbons derived from organisms by roughly the same proportion as bacterial action reduces the volume of other complex hydrocarbons.8.If the public library shared by the adjacent towns of Redville and Glenwood were relocated from the librarys current, ove
25、rcrowded building in central Redville to a larger, available building in central Glenwood, the library would then be within walking distance of a larger number of library users. That is because there are many more people living in central Glenwood than in central Redville, and people generally will
26、walk to the library only if it is located close to their homes.Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?（分数：5.00）A.The public library was located between Glenwood and Redvilte before being moved to its current location in central Redville.B.The area covered by central Glenw
27、ood is approximately the same size as that covered by central Redville.C.The building that is available in Glenwood is smaller than an alternative building that is available in Redville.D.Many of the people who use the public library do not live in either Glenwood or Redville.E.(E) The distance that
28、 people currently walk to get to the library is farther than what is generally considered walking distance.9.Researchers have discovered a new poison, bromethalin, that is lethal to all rats, even to those species that have become immune to other poisons, as well as to those rats that eat only the m
29、ost minute quantities. Tests have demonstrated that rats will not learn to avoid bromethalin and that carcasses of rats killed by bromethalin pose no threat to the well-being of other animals.Which of the following statements, if true, would support the researchers claim that carcasses of rats kille
30、d by bromethalin will not pose a threat to other animals?（分数：5.00）A.Rats that consume bromethalin die immediately.B.Animals, prompted by curiosity, often examine carcasses that appear in their territory.C.Chemicals in the digestive tract of dead rats quickly break bromethalin down into a nontoxic su
31、bstance.D.Traces of bromethalin remain in the rats mouth and saliva after the rat eats the poison.E.(E) Certain animals are scavengers and feed habitually on refuse and dead flesh.10.Todays low gasoline prices make consumers willing to indulge their preference for larger cars, which consume greater
32、amounts of gasoline as fuel. So United States automakers are unwilling to pursue the development of new fuelefficient technologies aggressively. The particular reluctance of the United States automobile industry to do, so, however, could threaten the industrys future.Which of the following, if true,
33、 would provide the most support for the claim above about the future of the United States automobile industry?（分数：5.00）A.A prototype fuel-efficient vehicle, built five years ago, achieves a very high 81 miles per gallon on the highway and 63 in the city, but its materials are relatively costly.B.Sma
34、ll cars sold by manufacturers in the United States are more fuel efficient now than before the sudden jump in oil prices in 1973.C.Automakers elsewhere in the world have slowed the introduction of fuel-efficient technologies but have pressed ahead with research and development of them in preparation
35、 for a predicted rise in world oil prices.D.There are many technological opportunities for reducing the waste of energy in cars and light trucks through weight, aerodynamic drag, and braking friction.E.(E) The promotion of mass transit over automobiles as an alternative mode of transportation has en
36、countered consumer resistance that is due in part to the failure of mass transit to accommodate the wide dispersal of points of origin and destinations for trips.11.In the early 1970s, when art reached its current high levels of popularity and value, a rash of thefts of works by great artists occurr
37、ed in major art museums around the world. But, after 1975, sophisticated new security systems were installed in every major museum. As a consequence, important thefts in major museums declined markedly.Which of the following, if true, is strongest if offered as part of the evidence to show that impr
38、oved security systems were responsible for the decline in thefts of important works from major museums?（分数：5.00）A.The typical art work stolen during both the 1970s and the 1980s was a small piece that could be concealed on the person of the thief.B.Premiums paid by major museums to insure their most
39、 important works of art increased considerably between 1975 and 1985.C.The prices paid to art thieves for stolen works were lower during the 1980s than the prices paid to art thieves for comparable works during the 1970s.D.Thefts from private collections and smaller galleries of works by great artis
40、ts increased sharply starting in the late 1970s.E.(E) Art thefts in Europe, which has the largest number of works by great artists, outnumbered art thefts in the United States during the 1980s.12.The dramatic rise in the number of homeless people in the 1980s cannot be attributed to the discharge of
41、 mentally ill persons from hospitals into “community care.“ even though it is true that provisions for such community care are for the most part nonexistent.Which of the following, if true, best supports the claim above?（分数：5.00）A.The policy of discharging mentally ill persons from hospitals was bas
42、ed on the supposition that their illnesses couldbe controlled by newly developed drugs.B.Without supervision in a hospital setting those people whose mental illness can be controlled by medication might not actually take prescribed medication.C.Some community-care programs for mentally ill persons d
43、id exist in the 1980s, but those programs consisted primarily of outpatient clinics.D.The policy of discharging significant numbers of mentally ill persons from hospitals took effect in the 1960s.E.(E) There have always been some people in large cities who have led a homeless existence.13.Despite im
44、provements in treatment for asthma, the death rate from this disease has doubled during the past decade from its previous rate. Two possible explanations for this increase have been offered. First, the recording of deaths due to asthma has become more widespread and accurate in the past decade than
45、it had been previously. Second, there has been an increase in urban pollution. However, since the rate of deaths due to asthma has increased dramatically even in cities with long-standing, comprehensive medical records and with little or no urban pollution, one must instead conclude that the cause o
46、f increased deaths is the use of bronchial inhalers by asthma sufferers to relieve their symptoms.Each of the following, if true, provides support to the argumerit EXCEPT:（分数：5.00）A.Urban populations have doubled in the past decade.B.Records of asthma deaths are as accurate for the past twenty years
47、 as for the past ten years.C.Evidence suggests that bronchial inhalers make the lungs more sensitive to irritation by airborne pollen.D.By temporarily relieving the symptoms of asthma, inhalers encourage sufferers to avoid more beneficial measures.E.(E) Ten years ago bronchial inhalers were not avai
48、lable as an asthma treatment.14.Proportionally, more persons diagnosed as having the brain disorder schizophrenia were born in the winter months than at any other time of year. A recent study suggests that the cause may have been the nutrient-poor diets of some expectant mothers during the coldest m
49、onths of the year, when it was hardest for people to get, or afford, a variety of fresh foods. Which of the following, if true, helps to support the conclusion presented above?（分数：5.00）A.Over the years the number of cases of schizophrenia has not shown a correlation with degree of economic distress.B.Most of the development of brain areas affected in schizophrenia occurs during the last month of the mothers pregnancy.C.Suicide rates are significantly higher in winter than in any other season.D.The nutrients in fresh foods have the same effects on the development of the brai
