1、工商管理硕士入学考试-逻辑推理逻辑应用与技法及答案解析(总分：240.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.The senator has long held to the general printable that no true work of art is obscene and thus that there is no conflict between the need to encourage free artistic expression and the need to protect the sensibilities of the public from obscenity.
2、When well-known works generally viewed as obscene are cited as possible counterexamples, the senator justifies accepting the principle by saying that if these works really are obscene then they cannot be works of art.The senators reasoning contains which one of the following errors?（分数：5.00）A.It see
3、ks to persuade by emotional rather than intellectual means.B.It contains an implicit contradiction.C.It relies on an assertion of the senator authority.D.It assumes what it seeks to establish.E.(E) It attempts to justify a position by appeal to an irrelevant consideration.2.So-called environmentalis
4、ts have argued that the proposed Golden Lake Development would interfere with bird-migration patterns. However the fact that these same people have raised environmental objections to virtually every development proposal brought before the council in recent years indicates that their expressed concer
5、n for bird-migration patterns is nothing but a mask for their antidevelopment antiprogress agenda. Their claim therefore should be dismissed without further consideration.Which one of the following questionable argumentative techniques is employed in the passage?（分数：5.00）A.taking the failure of a gi
6、ven argument to establish its conclusion as the basis for claiming that the view expressed by that conclusion is false.B.rejecting the conclusion of an argument on the basis of a claim about the motives of those advancing the argument.C.using a few exceptional cases as the basis for a claim about wh
7、at is true in general.D.misrepresenting evidence that supports the position the argument is intended to refute.E.(E) assuming that what is true of a group as a whole is necessarily true of each member of that group.3.If Blankenship Enterprises has to switch suppliers in the middle of a large product
8、ion run, the company will not show a profit for the year. Therefore, if Blankenship Enterprises in fact turns out to show no profit for the year, it will also turn out to be true that the company had to switch suppliers during a large production run.The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable t
9、o criticism on which one of the following grounds?（分数：5.00）A.The argument is a circular argument made up of an opening claim followed by a conclusion that merely paraphrases that claim.B.The argument fails to establish that a condition under which a phenomenon is said to occur is the only condition
10、under which that phenomenon occurs.C.The argument involves an equivocation, in that the word “profit“ is allowed to shift its meaning during the course of the argument.D.The argument erroneously uses an exceptional, isolated case to support a universal conclusion.E.(E) The argument explains one even
11、t as being caused by another event, even though both events must actually have been caused by some third, unidentified event.4.Many plant varieties used in industrially developed nations to improve cultivated crops come from less-developed nations. No compensation is paid on the grounds that the pla
12、nts used are “the common heritage of humanity.“ Such reasoning is, however, flawed. After all, no one suggests that coal, oil, and ores should be extracted without payment.Which of the following best describes an aspect of the method used by the author in the argument above?（分数：5.00）A.The author pro
13、ceeds from a number of specific observations to a tentative generalization.B.The author applies to the case under discussion facts about phenomena assumed to be similar in some relevant respect.C.A position is strengthened by showing that the opposite of that position would have logically absurd con
14、sequences.D.A line of reasoning is called into question on the grounds that it confuses cause and effect in a causal relation.E.(E) An argument is analyzed by separating statements of fact from individual value judgments.5.Why save endangered species? For the general public, endangered species appea
15、r to be little more than biological oddities. A very different perception is gained from considering the issue of extinction in a wider context. The important point is that many major social advances have been made on the basis of life forms whose worth would never have been perceived in advance. Co
16、nsider the impact of rubber-producing plants on contemporary life and industry: approximately two-thirds of the worlds rubber supply comes from rubberproducing plants and is made into objects as diverse as rubber washers and rubber boots.The authors point is made chiefly by（分数：5.00）A.acknowledging t
17、he validity of two opposing points of view.B.appealing to the emotions of the audience rather than to their intellects.C.suggesting a useful perspective for viewing the question raised at the beginning of the passage.D.trying to discredit the view of an opponent without presenting an alternative hyp
18、othesis.E.(E) generalizing from similar to dissimilar cases.6.The proper way to plan a scientific project is first to decide its goal and then to plan the best way to accomplish that goal. The United States space station project does not conform to this ideal. When the Cold War ended, the project lo
19、st its original purpose, so another purpose was quickly grafted onto the project, that of conducting limited-gravity experiments even though such experiments can be done in an alternative way. It is, therefore, abundantly clear the space station should not be built.The reasoning in the argument is f
20、lawed because the argument（分数：5.00）A.attacks the proponents of a claim rather than arguing against the claim itself.B.presupposes what it sets out to prove.C.fruits planners for not foreseeing a certain event, when in fact that event was not foreseeable.D.contains statements that lead to a self-cont
21、radiction.E.(E) concludes that a shortcoming is fatal, having produced evidence only of the existence of that shortcoming.7.The nations biggest retailers reported strong sales during the last six months. During this period of strong sales, profits were weaker than usual. This state of affairs is unu
22、sual since or ordinary when sales increase, profits also increase. Which of the following, if true during the last six months, most helps to account for the unusual state of affairs described above?（分数：5.00）A.A decrease in interest rates allowed many retailers to increase their inventories without h
23、aving to pay high interest that cut into profits.B.Sales of womens and children clothing were up by more than 20 percent while sales of mens clothing were up by an insignificant amount.C.Two of the largest independent retailers managed to buy their merchandise at lower prices.D.The nations largest r
24、etailers attracted more customers by dramatically advertising the amount of money spent on advertising.E.(E) Many retailers raised prices in order to take advantage of the recent growth in consumer spending.8.Roberta was born in 1967, and so in 1976 she was nine years old. It is clear from this exam
25、ple that the last two digits of a persons birth year will be the same as the last two digits of the year of that persons ninth birthday, except that the position of the digits will be reversed.Which of the following is the best criticism of the assertions made above?（分数：5.00）A.The generalization is
26、valid only for those birth years that do not end in two zeroes.B.The example does not exhibit the same principle as is expressed in the generalization based on it.C.The generalization is valid only for those birth years in which the last digit is one greater than the second-to-last digit.D.The examp
27、le cannot be shown to be correct unless the truth of the generalization is already presupposed.E.(E) The generalization is valid only for those birth years in which the last digit is greater than five.9.The organizers of tomorrows outdoor concert announced that it will go on tomorrow on schedule unl
28、ess bad weather is forecast or too few advance tickets are sold. If the concert is canceled, refunds will be made to ticket holders. Since some ticket holders have already been issued refunds even though more than enough advance tickets were sold, it must be the case that bad weather is forecast.Whi
29、ch of the following is an error of reasoning contained in the argument?（分数：5.00）A.It proceeds as if a condition, which by itself is enough to guarantee a certain result, is the only condition under which that result would occur.B.It bases a conclusion that is known to require two conditions on evide
30、nce that bears on only one of those conditions.C.It explains one event as being caused by another event, even though both events must actually have been caused by some third, unidentified event.D.It treats evidence for the absence of one condition under which a circumstance would occur as conclusive
31、 evidence that that circumstance will not occur.E.(E) Evidence given to support the conclusion actually undermines it.10.Pamela: Business has an interest in enabling employees to care for children, because those children will be the customers, employees, and managers of the future. Therefore, busine
32、sses should adopt policies, such as day-care benefits, that facilitate parenting.Lee: No individual company, though, will be patronized, staffed, and managed only by its own employees children, so it would not be to a companys advantage to provide such benefits to employees when other companies do n
33、ot.In which one of the following pairs consisting of argument and objection does the objection function most similarly to the way Lees objection functions in relation to Pamelas argument?（分数：5.00）A.New roads will not serve to relieve this areas traffic congestion, because new roads would encourage n
34、ew construction and generate additional traffic.Objection: Failure to build new roads would mean that traffic congestion would strangle the area even earlier.B.Humanity needs clean air to breathe, so each person should make an effort to avoid polluting the air.Objection: The air one person breathes
35、is affected mainly by pollution caused by others, so it makes no sense to act alone to curb air pollution.C.Advertised discounts on products draw customers attention to the products, so advertised discounts benefit sales.Objection: Customers already planning to purchase a product accelerate buying t
36、o take advantage of advertised discounts, and thus subsequent sales suffer.D.If people always told lies, then no one would know what the truth was, so people should always tell the truth.Objection: If people always told lies, then everyone would know that the truth was the opposite of what was said.
37、E.(E) Human social institutions have always change so even if we do not know what those changes will be, we do know that the social institutions of the future will differ from those of the past.Objection: The existence of change in the past does not ensure that there will always be change in the fut
38、ure.11.No one can be licensed as an electrician in Parker County without first completing a certain course in electrical safety procedures. All students majoring in computer technology at Parker County Technical College must complete that course before graduating. Therefore, any of the colleges grad
39、uates in computer technology can be licensed as an electrician in Parker County.The reasoning in the argument above is open to question because the argument has not established that（分数：5.00）A.everyone who has completed the course in electrical safety procedures is equally knowledgeable about such pr
40、ocedures.B.all students majoring in computer technology who complete the course in electrical safety procedures at Parker County Technical College eventually graduate.C.completion of a course in electrical safety procedures is all that is necessary for a person to be licensed as an electrician in Pa
41、rker County.D.the only way for a person to become knowledgeable about electrical safety procedures is to take a course in those procedures.E.(E) the only students at Parker County Technical College who are eligible to take the course in electrical safety procedures are students majoring in computer
42、technology.12.Mayor Smith, one of our few government officials with a record of outspoken, informed, and consistent opposition to nuclear power plant construction projects, has now declared herself in favor of building the nuclear power plant at Littletown. If someone with her past antinuclear recor
43、d now favors building this power plant, then there is good reason to believe that it will be safe and therefore should be built.The argument is vulnerable to criticism on which one of the following grounds?（分数：5.00）A.It overlooks the possibility that not all those who fail to speak out on issues of
44、nuclear power are necessarily opposed to it.B.It assumes without warrant that the qualities enabling a person to be elected to public office confer on that person a grasp of the scientific principles on which technical decisions are based.C.It fails to establish that a consistent and outspoken oppos
45、ition is necessarily an informed opposition.D.It leads to the further but unacceptable conclusion that any project favored by Mayor Smith should be sanctioned simply on the basis of her having spoken out in favor of it.E.(E) It gives no indication of either the basis of Mayor Smiths former oppositio
46、n to nuclear power plant construction or the reasons for her support for the Littletown project.13.Anthony: It has been established that over 80 percent of those who use heroin have a history of having used marijuana. Such evidence would seem to prove that smoking marijuana definitely leads to heroi
47、n use.Judith: Maybe smoking marijuana does lead to heroin use, but it is absurd to think that citing those statistics proves that it does. After all, 100 percent of the people who take up heroin had a previous history of drinking water. Judiths reply to Anthonys argument relies on which one of the f
48、ollowing argumentative strategies?（分数：5.00）A.Offering evidence suggesting that the statistics Anthony cites in support of his conclusion are inaccurate.B.Undermining the credibility of his conclusion by showing that it is a statement from which absurd consequences can be derived.C.Providing an examp
49、le to show that not everything that promotes heroin use is unsafe.D.Demonstrating that Anthonys line of reasoning is flawed by showing that such reasoning can lead to clearly false conclusions.E.(E) Calling into question the possibility of ever establishing causal connections solely on the basis of statistical evidence.14.The director of a secondary school where many students were having severe academic problems impaneled a committee to study the matter. The committee reported that these students were having academic problems because they spent large amounts of time on scho
