1、湖北大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题 2012年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：40.00)Many mental institutions throughout the country have been turned into dumpping grounds for thousands of oldsters who have no place else to go. Most of them arent really mentally ill. In the jargon of the hospital
2、bureaucracy, they are classified as “inappropriate admissions. “ But since society has nothing better to offer, they are left to rot without hope, help, or dignity. The usual exit is death. Often through no fault of their own, understaffed and overcrowded mental hospitals handle their “geriatric cas
3、es“ little better than cattle. There is a recurrent pattern of elderly patients locked into wards to prevent them from Wandering about, given steady doses of tranquilizers to keep them “manageable“, left day and night without a trace of human warmth or companionship. Some hospitals have wards full o
4、f elderly, tranquilized patients, bodies bloated from their inactive, meaningless existences, sitting listlessly on hard benches or sprawled asleep on the floor. There are women, silent as statues, occupying chairs and rockers in the corridors. While the weather may be beautiful outdoors, old men ma
5、y indifferently shuffle about a geriatric “cottage“ with nowhere to go and nothing to do. Yet many of the people could be restored to human dignity, not by complicated therapeutic procedures, but among other things, by providing good medical care and reaching out a hand of kindness towards them. It
6、is estimated that one half the old people in state mental hospitals today could leave if proper community resources, services and programs were available. But an indifferent society has not made them available. （分数：8.00）(1).The main idea of this passage is that _. （分数：2.00）A.most old people need fam
7、ily careB.good care for the elderly is costlyC.many old people are living out their last years in mental institutionsD.old people should be taken out of doors when the weather is pleasant(2).“Geriatric“ in paragraph 2 refers to people who are _. （分数：2.00）A.oldB.lonelyC.mentally illD.physically sick(
8、3).We may infer that the author _. （分数：2.00）A.is indifferent to the status quo of the hospitalsB.is sympathetic to the situation of the elderlyC.is optimistic towards the future of the elderlyD.is hostile towards the mental hospital staff(4).The author believes that the real blame lies with _. （分数：2
9、.00）A.the societyB.the mental institutionsC.the elderlyD.the hospital bureaucracyIn some ways they are a marketers dream. They have billions of dollars in income and spend most of it. Although their individual purchases are small, they buy regularly, often in response to peer pressure. They are heav
10、ily influenced by television advertising. And, as a result of todays smaller families and the increase in the number of two-income households, they have more to say about family purchase decisions than ever before. “They“ are children, of course, a group whose spending habits are attracting the atte
11、ntion of more and more marketers. One recent study estimates that the thirty million U. S. children 4 to 12 years old receive about $4.7 billion annually from allowances, gifts, and odd jobs. Of that amount, they spend a total of $4.2 billion each year on a variety of goods. But childrens financial
12、muscle does not end there. Researchers estimate that children directly influence more than $40 billion in adult purchases each year. Another study found that children are extremely aware of brands and have considerable input into their parents selections of apparel, cereal, snacks, cars, videocasset
13、te recorders, televisions, and personal computers. Many children are involved in actual household purchasing, especially food; in a recent Teenage Research study, half the teen girls surveyed reported shopping for groceries at least once a week. Recognizing this indirect purchasing power that childr
14、en have, a growing number of marketers are approaching the youths directly. The National Dairy Board, for example, now airs milk commercials with youth appeal, and Procter Gamble has developed a Crest for Kids toothpaste. How did children acquire such buying power? Researchers point to several facto
15、rs. As the number of working couples and single-parent households increased, many parents shifted certain household responsibilities onto childrens shoulders. Thrust into adult roles, children have ended up with more influence over the familys purchases, and they also tend to spend increased amounts
16、 of money themselves. In addition, many older, professional couples have fewer children. These parents can afford to lavish more on their children, including extra spending money for such items as Fisher-Price Toys $255 childrens camcorder and the My First Sony line of electronics gear for children.
17、 The bandwagon effect is yet another factor: when one marketer begins to focus on children, competitors follow suit, encouraging even more childrens purchases. McDonalds Corp. , for example, has aimed advertisements for its hamburgers, meal kits, and parties at children for years; now Hardees Food S
18、ystems, Inc, and Wendys International Inc. are doing the same. Intelligent marketers realize that children actually represent three markets: current consumers, influential consumers, and future buyers. Because children are steadily developing brand awareness and product preferences that someday will
19、 translate into purchasing decisions, even companies not selling youth products per se are beginning to pay attention to children. Marketers are overcoming their traditional reluctance to sell directly to children, realizing that, out there somewhere, tomorrows big-ticket customer is playing video g
20、ames today. （分数：8.00）(1).The statement that children “have billions of dollars in incomeand spend most of it“ implies that children _. （分数：2.00）A.have no sense of value regarding moneyB.should not waste much of their moneyC.have the potential to buy more than ever beforeD.should not be given so much
21、 money by their parents(2).Which of the following is true regarding childrens buying behaviors? （分数：2.00）A.They are not influenced by advertising.B.They are careful about spending on fast food.C.They are not influenced by milk commercials.D.They are very much influenced by their friends.(3).It can b
22、e inferred from the passage that marketers believe children who develop “brand awareness when they are young will _. （分数：2.00）A.stay practical when it comes to buying productsB.be tired of the brands when they become adultsC.get used to buying those brands into adulthoodD.become interested in purcha
23、sing other products(4).Which of the following sums up the main idea of this passage? （分数：2.00）A.Children have great power as buyers and consumers.B.Children shoulder more houshold responsibilities.C.Children have more to say about family decisions.D.Children are important members of society.Framing
24、a problem in mythological terms can point toward solutions at deeper mythic levels. For centuries, the guiding myth of Western culture has been what might be called the “Grand Narrative of Progress. “ It is the story of movement toward a goal achievement, improvement, and conquest. Modern science an
25、d technology have propelled this myth, extending the human life-span, harnessing natural resources and the power of the atom, carrying sounds through the atmosphere, and exploring outer space by defying gravity itself. Rational thought and the empirical scientific method became the chief instruments
26、 of the progress myth, and they promised to discern which economic system, which form of government, and which aesthetic design would best lead humanity out of confusion toward a utopian future. As science tests hypotheses, those that fail to be verified are abandoned, allowing science to move forwa
27、rd in a self-correcting, progressive direction. Mythology was equated with superstition and falsehood: its most vital elements could not be subjected to empirical verification, and it emanated from the well of imagination rather than reason. Spiritual concerns, beliefs in the divine, and respect for
28、 the sacred were considered to be the “opium of the masses“ and, like any other addiction, a hindrance to progress. But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it lef
29、t overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticidesfirst greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prizewas followed by the unintentional poisoning of
30、fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although
31、 Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and spouse and children abuse went up. （分数：8.00）(1).By the first sentence of the passage the author means that _. （分数：2.00）A.myth
32、 is very important in the problem-solution relationshipB.science and technology are helpful to solve the problemsC.the Grand Narrative of Progress is powerfulD.problem and solution are the twins(2).The Grand Narrative of Progress can be realized because _. （分数：2.00）A.it emanated from imagination rat
33、her than reasonB.it is the story of a movement toward a goalC.it dominates other values and viewsD.it is with thought and method(3).In the last paragraph, the word “malignant“ means _. （分数：2.00）A.fantasticB.dominantC.benignD.harmful(4).Which of the following can best describe the view of the author?
34、 （分数：2.00）A.Human progress has nothing to do with mythologies.B.The myth has helped little in shaping the human future.C.The Grand Narrative of Progress should be criticized.D.Science and technology can lead us to a utopian future.Wall Street in a conceptual sense represents financial and economic p
35、ower. To Americans, it can sometimes represent elitism and power politics, and its role has been a source of controversy throughout the nations history, particularly beginning around the Gilded Age period in the late 19th century. Wall Street became the symbol of a country and economic system that m
36、any Americans saw as having developed through trade, capitalism, and innovation. Wall Street has become synonymous with financial interests, often used negatively. During the mortgage mess from 20072010, Wall Street financing was blamed as one of the causes, although most commentators blame an inter
37、play of factors. The U. S. government with the Troubled Asset Relief Program bailed out the banks and financial backers with billions of taxpayer dollars, but the bailout was often criticized as politically motivated, and was criticized by journalists as well as the public. One writer in the Huffing
38、ton Post looked at FBI statistics on robbery, fraud, and crime and concluded that Wall Street was the “most dangerous neighborhood in the United States“ if one factored in the $ 50 billion fraud perpetrated by Bernie Madoff. Many complained that the resulting Sarbanes-Oxley legislation dampened the
39、business climate. Interest groups seeking favor with Washington lawmakers, such as car dealers, have often sought to portray their interests as allied with Main Street rather than Wall Street. When the United States Treasury bailed out large financial firms, to ostensibly halt a downward spiral in t
40、he nations economy, there was tremendous negative political fallout, particularly when reports came out that monies supposed to be used to ease credit restrictions were being used to pay bonuses to highly-paid employees. Analyst William Cohan argued that it was “obscene(肮脏的)“ how Wall Street reaped
41、“massive profits and bonuses in 2009“ after being saved by “trillions of dollars of American taxpayers treasure“ despite Wall Streets “greed and irresponsible risk-taking“. Washington Post reporter Suzanne McGee called for Wall Street to make a sort of public apology to the nation, and expressed dis
42、may that people such as Goldman Sachs chief executive Lloyd Blankfein hadnt expressed contrition (侮悟) despite being sued by the SEC(Securities and Exchange Commission)in 2009. McGee wrote that “Bankers arent the sole culprits, but their denials of responsibility and the occasional vague and waffling
43、 expression of regret dont go far enough to deflect anger“. But chief banking analyst at Goldman Sachs, Richard Ramsden, is “unapologetic“ and sees “banks as the dynamos(发电机)that power the rest of the economy“. Ramsden believes “risk-taking is vital“. Others in the financial industry believe theyve
44、been unfairly criticized by the public and by politicians. Images of Wall Street and its figures have loomed large. The 1987 Oliver Stone film Wall Street created the iconic figure of Gordon Gekko who used the phrase “greed is good“, which had an unexpected cultural influence, not causing them to tu
45、rn away from corporate greed, but causing many young people to choose Wall Street careers. （分数：8.00）(1).Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? （分数：2.00）A.Physical Layout of Wall Street.B.Wall Street in the Publics Eyes.C.Influences of the Film Wall Street.D.Wall Street as a
46、Financial Center.(2).All of the following statements are true EXCEPT _. （分数：2.00）A.Wall Street has aroused considerable public interestB.the bailout program plays a negative role in American politicsC.Wall Street is the only offender behind the global economic crisisD.the part Wall Street has played
47、 in the American economy is under attack(3).It can be inferred from the passage that the real root of the financial crisis is _. （分数：2.00）A.US governments existing legislation on business climateB.US governments politically-motivated bailout planC.Wall Streets favorable treatment to interest groupsD
48、.Wall Streets lack of responsibility and humanity(4).In the film Wall Street, Gordon Gekko could best be described as a(n) _. （分数：2.00）A.idiotB.idolC.idealistD.gossipThe worsening crisis at the Fukushima Power Station in Japan has led to inevitable comparisons with the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaste
49、r that killed workers at the plant instantly, caused cancers in the surrounding population and spread radioactive contamination so far that livestock restrictions are still in place at some farms around the Ukraine. The situation at Fukushima is certainly grave and immediately dangerous for those at the site who are fighting to make the crippled reactors and fuel storage ponds safe. But whatever warnings are now being issued by foreign governments to their citizens in Japan, there are significant
