1、考博英语-78 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such
2、 behaviour is regarded as “all too human“, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely. But a study by Sarach Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as w
3、ell. The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services“ t
4、han males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan“s and Dr. de Waal“s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two mon
5、keys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (are much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape i
6、n exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucu
7、mber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a cooperative, group-living spec
8、ies. Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, wheth
9、er such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems for the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.（分数：20.00）(1).In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by _.（分数：4.00）A.posing a contra
10、stB.justifying an assumptionC.making a comparisonD.explaining a phenomenon(2).The statement “it is all too monkey“ (Last line, Para. 1) implies that _.（分数：4.00）A.monkeys are also outraged by slack rivalsB.resenting unfairness is also monkeys“ natureC.monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each
11、otherD.no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions(3).Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are _.（分数：4.00）A.more inclined to weigh what they getB.attentive to researchers“ instructionsC.nice in both appearance and temperamentD.more generous than
12、 their male companions(4).Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys _.（分数：4.00）A.prefer grapes to cucumbersB.can be taught to exchange thingsC.will not be co-operative if feeling cheatedD.are unhappy when separated from other(5).What can we infer from the last
13、 paragraph?（分数：4.00）A.Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B.Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C.Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D.Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.三、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Do you remember all those years w
14、hen scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn“t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought th
15、at nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the Whit
16、e House, to tell us that the Earth“s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel“s report: “Scien
17、ce never has all the answer. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.“ Just as on smoking, vo
18、ice now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete; that it“s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a pr
19、udent people would take out an insurance policy now. Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it“s obvious that a majority of the president“s advisers still don“t take global warming seriously. They continue to press for more research, a classic of “paralysis by analysis“. To s
20、erve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won“t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Ro
21、bert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be
22、 environmentally sound.（分数：20.00）(1).An argument made by supporters of smoking was that _.（分数：4.00）A.there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and deathB.the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificantC.people had the freedom to choose their own
23、way of lifeD.antismoking people were usually talking nonsense(2).According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as _.（分数：4.00）A.a protectorB.a judgeC.a criticD.a guide(3).What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis“ ( Last line, Para. 4)?（分数：4.00）A.Endless studies kill action.B.Careful invest
24、igation reveals truth.C.Prudent planning hinders progress.D.Extensive research helps decision-making.(4).According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?（分数：4.00）A.Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.B.Raise public awareness of conservation.C.Press for further sci
25、entific research.D.Take some legislative measures.(5).The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because _.（分数：4.00）A.they both suffered from the government“s negligenceB.a lesson from the latter is applicable to the formerC.the outcome of the latter aggravates the former
26、D.both of them have turned from bad to worse四、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Of all the components of a good night“s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated this revolutionary the
27、ory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise“the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind“
28、s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line“. And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but to help us sleep and feel better. “It“s your dream,“ says Rosalind Cartwright, chaff of psychology at Chicago“s Medical Cen
29、ter, “If you don“t like it, change it.“ Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleepwhen most vivid dreams occuras it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equal
30、ly involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain“) is specially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,“ says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William De
31、ment. The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright“s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because o
32、ur conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don“t always think about the emotional significance of the day“s eventsuntil, it appears, we begin to dream. And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soo
33、n as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. At the end of the day, there“s probably lit
34、tle reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in panic,“ Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people“s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a thera
35、pist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleepor rather dreamon it and you“ll feel better in the morning.（分数：20.00）(1).Researchers have come to believe that dreams _.（分数：4.00）A.can be modified in their coursesB.are susceptible to emotional changesC.reflect ou
36、r innermost desires and fearsD.are a random outcome of neural repairs(2).By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show _.（分数：4.00）A.its function in our dreamsB.the mechanism of REM sleepC.the relation of dreams to emotionsD.its difference from the prefrontal cortex(3).The negative fe
37、elings generated during the day tend to _.（分数：4.00）A.aggravate in our unconscious mindB.develop into happy dreamsC.persist till the time we fall asleepD.show up in dreams early at night(4).Cartwright seems to suggest that _.（分数：4.00）A.waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreamsB.visu
38、alizing bad dreams helps bring them under controlC.dreams should be left to their natural progressionD.dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious(5).What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?（分数：4.00）A.Lead your life as usual.B.Seek professional help.C.Exercis
39、e conscious control.D.Avoid anxiety in the daytime.五、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing, The Degr
40、adation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John Mc Whorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is n
41、ot yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter“s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom“, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English. But the cult of the aut
42、hentic and the personal, “doing our own thing“, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English o
43、n the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend tha
44、t Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle: Why We Should, Like, Care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including nonstandard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressivethere exists no language o
45、r dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborat
46、e speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical educational reformshe is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English on “paper plates
47、 instead of china“. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.（分数：20.00）(1).According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English _.（分数：4.00）A.is inevitable in radical education reformsB.is but all too natural in language developmentC.has caused the controversy over the counter-cultureD.broug
48、ht about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s(2).The word “talking“ (Line 5, Para. 3) denotes _.（分数：4.00）A.modestyB.personalityC.livelinessD.informality(3).To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?（分数：4.00）A.Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we
49、talk.B.Black English can be more expressive than standard English.C.Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.D.Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.(4).The description of Russians“ love of memorizing poetry shows the author“s _.（分数：4.00）A.interest in their languageB.appreciation of their effortsC.admiration for their memoryD.contempt for their old-fashionedness(5).According to the last paragraph, “paper plates“ to “china“ is as _.（分数：4.00）A.“temporary“ to
