1、南京航空航天大学硕士研究生入学考试初试基础英语真题 2014 年及答案解析(总分：130.00，做题时间：180 分钟)I1.facetiously （分数：1.00）A.jokingly or jocularlyB.playfully or joyfullyC.painfully or irksomelyD.indignantly or irately2.pejoratively （分数：1.00）A.peripherallyB.phoneticallyC.disparaginglyD.diabolically3.derelict （分数：1.00）A.forbiddenB.forsaken
2、C.forecastedD.foredoomed4.perspicacious （分数：1.00）A.clearmindedB.clearheadedC.cleareyedD.clearsighted5.obsolescent （分数：1.00）A.discardedB.disabusedC.distortedD.disaccredited6.vivacity （分数：1.00）A.animadversionB.animalityC.animationD.animatism7.exuberance （分数：1.00）A.shortageB.scarcityC.luxuryD.luxurianc
3、e8.anomalous （分数：1.00）A.normalB.abnormalC.originalD.aboriginal9.ululate （分数：1.00）A.lamentB.shriekC.screechD.scream10.claustrophobia （分数：1.00）A.Abnormal enjoyment of being in enclosed spacesB.Abnormal enjoyment of being in open spacesC.Abnormal fear of being in enclosed spacesD.Abnormal fear of being
4、 in open spacesB11.turnhisbackontheEiffelTowerasaprotestagainstthearchitecturalblasphemy （分数：1.00）_12.The general reaction to the apparent end of the era of cheap fossil fuel, as to other readily foreseeable curtailments, has been to delay any sort of reckoning. （分数：1.00）_13.The thing takes up an en
5、tire city block, and somehow they cant see it. Its too implausible. （分数：1.00）_14.The bacteria of decay then die off, for they must have oxygen to survive. The entire aquatic cycle collapses. （分数：1.00）_15.a writer, when he has made his first breakthrough, has simply won a crucial skirmish in a danger
6、ous, unending, and unpredictable battle. （分数：1.00）_16.It is between Admass and Englishness, ailing and impoverished, in no position to receive vast subsidies of dollars （分数：1.00）_17.“It was hot, yet with a sweet languor about it”（Theodore Dreiser）. （分数：1.00）_18.The bankers and the admen, the marketi
7、ng specialists and thousand wellpaid ancillary service people set the citys brittle tone. （分数：1.00）_19.Especially was this true of the college contingent, whose idealism had led them to enlist early and who dad generally seen a considerable amount of action. （分数：1.00）_20.to those nations who would m
8、ake themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request.（分数：1.00）_IIA.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithasuitablewordinitsproperformandwritedowntherequiredwordontheanswersheet.(10points) Packagingisanimportantformofadvertising.Apackagecansometimesmotivatepeopletobuya1.Forexample,asmallchil
9、dmightaskforabreakfastfoodthat2inaboxwithapictureofaTV3.Thechildismoreinterestedinthe4thaninthebreakfastfood.Picturesforchildrentocolor5cutout,gamesprintedona6,orsmallgiftsinsideaboxalso7manychildrentobuyproductsortoasktheirparentsforthem. Somepackagessuggestthatabuyerwillgetsomethingfor8.Foodproduc
10、tssoldinreusablecontainers9examplesofthis.Althoughasimilarproductinaplain10mightcostless,peopleoftenpreferto11theproductinareusableglassordish,12theybelievethecontainerisfree.13,thecostofthecontainerisadded14thecostoftheproduct. The15ofapackagealsomotivatesabuyer.Thissuggeststhatthelargesizehasthemo
11、stproductfortheleast16.Butthatisnotalwaystrue.Abuyerhastofindout17theproductissoldandthepriceofthebasicunit. Theinformationonthepackageshouldprovidesomeanswers.Buttheimportantthing18anybuyertorememberis19apackageisoftenanadvertisement.Thewordsandpicturesdonottellthe20story.Onlytheproductinsidecandot
12、hat.（分数：10.00）B.Fillineachblankwithaproperwordfromthefollowingbox.Changeitsformifnecessaryandwritedowntherequiredwordontheanswersheet.(10points) account commuter destination difference dwarf fresh generate grocery highstrung incomparable indignity inevitable intense manuscript passion quest restless
13、ness solidity spit whether ThereareroughlythreeNewYorks.Thereis,first,theNewYorkofthemanorwomanwhowasbornhere,whotakesthecityforgrantedandacceptsitssizeanditsturbulenceasnaturaland1.Second,thereistheNewYorkofthe2thecitythatisdevouredbylocustseachdayand3outeachnight.Third,thereistheNewYorkoftheperson
14、whowasbornsomewhereelseandcametoNewYorkin4ofsomething.Ofthesethreetremblingcitiesthegreatestisthelastthecityoffinal5,thecitythatisagoal.Itisthisthirdcitythat6forNewYorks7disposition,itspoeticaldeportment,itsdedicationtothearts,andits8achievements.Commutersgivethecityitstidal9;nativesgiveit10andconti
15、nuity;butsettlersgiveit11. 12itisafarmerarrivingfromItalytosetupasmall13storeinaslum,orayounggirlarrivingfromasmalltowninMississippitoescapethe14ofbeingobservedbyherneighbors,oraboyarrivingfromtheCornBeltwitha15inhissuitcaseandapaininhisheart,itmakesno16;eachembracesNewYorkwiththe17excitementoffirst
16、love,eachabsorbsNewYorkwiththe18eyesofanadventurer,each19heatandlightto20theConsolidatedEdisonCompany.（分数：10.00）四、III(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Directions:Therearetwentymistakesinthefollowingpassage.Youarerequiredtounderlineormarkthemistakesandgetthemcorrected.Besuretowritedownthecorrectformontheanswersheet. E
17、xample:“Wordsworthissaidtohavemostfascinatingvoice!”the （分数：20.00）IV21.Conversationisnotformakingapoint. （分数：3.00）_22.Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous. （分数：3.00）_23.Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason. （分数：3.00）_24.The rejection of Victorian gentility was, in any case, in
18、evitable. （分数：3.00）_25.New York constantly exasperates, at times exhilarates. （分数：3.00）_26.the faint insistent sweetness of drooz may perfume the ways of the city. （分数：3.00）_27.Against this, at least superficially, Englishness seems a poor shadowy show （分数：3.00）_28.her attendance had always been spo
19、radic and her interest in schoolwork negligible. （分数：3.00）_29.The reassessment, which can be very painful, is also very valuable. （分数：3.00）_30.Science is committed to the universal.（分数：3.00）_V31.Theprimarymediumoflanguageis_. （分数：1.00）A.Speech soundB.vocabularyC.discourseD.Grammar32.OntheRoadisarepr
20、esentativeworkof_.（分数：1.00）A.WilliamCarlosWilliamsB.MurielSparkC.MargretAtwoodD.JackKerouac33.Generativetransformationalgrammarcontainstwosetsofrules.Theyare_. （分数：1.00）A.phrasestructure rules and transformational rulesB.generative rules and transformational rulesC.generative rules and phrasestructu
21、re rulesD.syntactic rules and transformational rules34.ARoseforEmily,writtenby_,recountsthestoryofaneccentricspinsterintheSouthofUSA. （分数：1.00）A.Katherine Anne PorterB.William FaulknerC.Zadie SmithD.Alice Walker35.Whichofthefollowingisnotanalveolarconsonantphoneme? （分数：1.00）A./t/B./s/C./n/D./?/36._，
22、the2007NobelPrizeWinnerforLiterature,isaPersianborn,Rhodesian(nowZimbabwe)raisedBritishnovelistwhodiedin2013. （分数：1.00）A.Doris LessingB.Erich SegalC.Seamus HeaneyD.AugustWilson37.Whichofthefollowingisnotabranchofgenerallinguistics? （分数：1.00）A.PhonologyB.PsycholinguisticsC.SyntaxD.Semantics38.Whoisde
23、scribedbyMarkTwainasaboywith“asoundheartandadeformedconscience?“ （分数：1.00）A.Tom SawyerB.Huckleberry FinnC.JimD.Tony39.Whatisthesmallestunitinmeaningsystemofalanguagethatcanbedistinguishedfromothersmallerunits? （分数：1.00）A.wordB.lexiconC.lexemeD.morphem40.Whoistheauthorofthework:“TheGrapesofWrath“? （分
24、数：1.00）A.John SteinbeckB.Eugene ONeilC.F. Scott FitzgeraldD.Theodore Dreiserb41.coherence （分数：1.00）_42.government （分数：1.00）_43.morpheme （分数：1.00）_44.lateralization （分数：1.00）_45.phoneme （分数：1.00）_46.theme （分数：1.00）_47.connotation （分数：1.00）_48.motif （分数：1.00）_49.foreshadow （分数：1.00）_50.plot（分数：1.00）_V
25、IPassageA AnewcomparisonofDNAfrommoderncaninesandancientfossilssuggeststhattodayspetsaredescendedfromnowextinctpopulationsofwolvesinEurope.Theylikelyscavengedbonesfromscrappilesleftbehindbyhuntergatherers,sayresearchersintodaysissueofthejournalScience. Andtheboldertheanimalsgot,themorefoodtheytook,a
26、ndthemoreloyaltheybecametohumans,theysay,addingthisprocessofdomesticationlikelybeganasmanyas19,000to32,000yearsago.“AllmoderndogshaveaverycloserelationshiptoancientdogsorwolvesfromEurope,“saysleadauthorDr.OlafThalmann,fromtheUniversityofTurkuinFinland. TheteamanalysedthemitochondrialDNAof18prehistor
27、iccanineseightdogsand10wolvesandcomparedthistoDNAfromacomprehensivepanelof49wolvesand77dogs,includingBasenjiandDingo,threerecentlypublishedChineseindigenousdogsandfourcoyotes. TheancientsamplescamefromRussia,Ukraine,CentralEurope,theUnitedStatesandArgentina,saysThalmann.Someweremorethan30,000yearsol
28、d.ThemodernDNAfromdogsandwolvesspannedtheglobe,fromIsraeltoChina,SwedentoMexico. TheresearchersfoundthatthemoderndogsDNAwasmostcloselyrelatedtoeitherancientEuropeancaninesormodernEuropeanwolves.“TheoldestdomesticateddogmaterialcamefromEurope,“sayscoauthorRobertWayne,aprofessorinthedepartmentofecolog
29、yandevolutionarybiologyattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.“Itwasaninescapableconclusion.“ However,otherresearcherssaythematterofwhotameddogsfirstandwhereithappenedisfarfromsettled.AseparateteamofresearcherspublishedastudyinSciencein2002,sayingthatmoderndogscamefromsouthernChina.“Ourdatapointstoo
30、riginsinChinaandIamstillprettysurethatistheplace,“saysDrPeterSavolainen,anassociateprofessorattheRoyalInstituteofTechnologyinSweden.SavolainensaysthestudybyThalmannandcolleagueslackssamplesfromimportantpartsoftheworldnamelytheMiddleEastandChina.“Ifyouarelookingfortheoriginsofdogsandyouonlyhavesample
31、sfromEurope,thenofcourseitmustbeEurope,“hesays.Savolainensaysthatmuchlikethe“OutofAfrica“theorythatsayshumansoriginatedinAfricaandmigratedelsewhere,doghistoryfollowsan“OutofsouthChina“scheme.“YouseeseveralbranchesthatareuniqueamongdogsinsouthChinaandyoudontseethemanywhereelse,“hesays. Askedaboutthec
32、riticismfromChinatheorists,ThalmanncounteredthathisteamusedmorecompleteDNAsequencingandoldersamplesthatshowEuropewasindeedtheplacewhereitallbegan.Still,thematterisfarfromsettled,saysThalmann.Moreresearchintheyearstocomemayrevealmoreonthetopic,perhapsthroughthediscoveryofmorefossils,oramorecompletelo
33、okatthegeneticdata. Inthemeantime,mostexpertsagreethatearlydogsbecameapartofhumanlifelongbeforethedevelopmentofagricultureandfarmingsocieties.Littleisknownaboutthepeoplewhodomesticatedthem,orhowtheydidit. ButSavolainenbelievesthatwolvestooktheleadwhenitcametobefriendinghumans,atleastinitially.“Theya
34、pproachedhumancampsandatefromthescrapheapsandthosewhodaredcomecloserwouldgetmostofthefoodandtheywouldhaveanevolutionaryadvantage,“hesays. “Sowitheachgenerationtheywouldsortoftamethemselvestogetaccustomedtohumans.Thatiseverybodysfavoritetheory,andIthinkitisanicetheoryaswell.“ Assomewolvesreliedlesson
35、killingpreyandmoreoneatingscraps,theirsnoutsgraduallygrewshorter.Theylikelyfollowedhumangroupswhenevertheypickedupandmovedcamps.Then,about10,000to15,000yearsago,thecloserfriendshiptrulybegan.“Atsomepoint,peopleandwolvesreallystartedinteractingandhumanstookovertherestofthedomesticationprocess,“saysSa
36、volainen.ThalmannsayshisteamsevidencesuggestsdogslikelyaccompaniedEuropeanexplorerstotheNewWorld.（分数：4.00）(1).AccordingtotheresearchofauniversityinFinland,_. （分数：1.00）A.all modern dogs are evolved from ancient canines or wolves from Europe.B.the more DNA of ancient wolves is researched, the more rel
37、iable the result is.C.the oldest domesticated dog material came from European continent, especially the Southern Europe.D.ancient dogs likely scavenged bones from scrap piles left behind by huntergatherers, and befriended human beings.(2).Accordingtothearticle,whichproblemisstillnotsettled? （分数：1.00
38、）A.How the ancient dogs or wolves were tamedB.Who domesticated dogs first and where it happenedC.Why the ancient dogs or wolves were tamedD.When the ancient dogs or wolves were tamed(3).AsforDrPeterSavolainen,DrOlafThalmannsresearch（分数：1.00）A.ispartialbutcomplementarytotheprevioushypothesis.B.isnots
39、cientificbecausetheresearchmethodologyisproblematicC.stronglychallengesthe“OutofsouthChina”schemeofdoghistory.D.isnotconvincing,evenridiculoussinceitoverlookssamplesfromChinaandtheMiddleEast.(4).Accordingtothearticle,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthedomesticationprocessofdogsisTRUE? （分数：1.00）A.I
40、t is humans who have initially attempted to approach the wolf and ancient dogs.B.The ancient dogs or wolves that tended to approach humans took the sustainable evolution process.C.Initially, it is wolves that took the lead when it came to befriending humans because of the lacking in food source.D.Those wolves which dared to get closer to human camps have an evolutionary advantage over others which did not.PassageB By2050,forthefirsttimeinhistory,therewillbemorepeopleintheworldoverage65thanunderage14.TheGlobalCityIndicatorsFacility(GCIF)inTorontohaspartnered
