1、考研数学一-高等数学向量代数和空间解析几何、多元函数微分学(一)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)There are many reasons why food fads have continued to flourish. Garlic has long been touted (兜售) as an essential ingredient of physical prowess (能力) and as a flu (1) , squash has been thought by some to c
2、ure digestive disorders, and red pepper has been (2) to promote endurance. The natural human desire for a simple solution to a difficult problem (3) the stage for promoting miraculous potions (饮剂), pills and combination of chemicals. The (4) individuals who eagerly embrace any second-hand informatio
3、n with scientific overtones (暗示) provide the foundation for healthy business enterprises.A person who has never crossed the (5) of a health food store may be astonished, (6) or overjoyed. Countless elixirs (万应灵), herbs, powders and other fascinating extracts are only a (7) of the high-profit selecti
4、on. The available literature includes pamphlets extolling (赞扬) the amazing return of youth one can (8) while drinking a potion filled with tropical weeds, as well as volumes (9) the reader of an almost (10) longevity.The store is directly keyed to arouse visitors (11) over their health and to (12) o
5、n real and imagined problems by offering solutions that, (13) , cost more than the customers may be able to (14) Health food store patrons are often cajoled (劝诱) into buying tonics (补药) that promise to make the functioning of healthy organs even better, (15) whether an improvement is (16) for. Promo
6、tion of expensive products that consumers do not actually need takes (17) initiative and insight. (18) occasion, there may even be some slight (19) for truth in an entrepreneurs (20) to cure customer of illsfor a price.（分数：10.00）(1).A remedy B medication C therapy D recipe（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A alle
7、ged B suspected C speculated D acclaimed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A lays B takes C settles D sets（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A credible B susceptible C intelligible D discreet（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A boundary B entrance C inventory D threshold（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A bewildered B terrified C mystified D scared（分数：0
8、.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A factor B branch C division D fraction（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A anticipate B aspire C long D predict（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A ensuring B assuring C reassuring D insuring（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A prospective B promising C eternal D eminent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A enthusiasm B consideration C
9、distress D concern（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A capitalize B profit C invest D exploit（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A incidentally B accidentally C subsequently D consequently（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A accept B access C offer D afford（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A in spite of B regardless of C so as to D in view of（分数：0.50
10、）A.B.C.D.(16).A answered B accounted C cared D called（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A optimum B optional C considerable D considerate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A In B At C From D On（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A disregard B contempt C ignorance D disguise（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A zeal B exaggeration C exertion D obsession
11、（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)More surprising, perhaps, than the current difficulties of traditional marriage is the fact that marriage itself is alive and thriving. As Skolnick notes, Americans are a marrying people: Relative to E
12、uropeans, more of us marry and we marry at a younger age. Moreover, aster a decline in the early 1970s, the rate of marriage in the United States is now increasing. Even the divorce rate needs to be taken in this pro-marriage context: some 80 percent of divorced individuals remarry. Thus, marriage r
13、emains, by far, the preferred way of life for the vast majority of people in our society.What has changed more than marriage is the nuclear family. Twenty-five years ago, the typical American family consisted of a husband, a wife, and two or three children. Now, there are many marriages in which cou
14、ples have decided not to have any children. And there are many marriages where at least some of the children are from the wifes previous marriage, or the husbands, or both. Sometimes these children spend all of their time with one parent from the former marriage; sometimes they are shared between th
15、e two former spouses.Thus, one can find the very type of family arrangement. There are marriages without children; marriages with children from only the present marriage; marriages with “full-time“ children from the present marriage and “part-time“ children from former marriages. There are step-fath
16、ers, step-mothers, half-brothers, and half-sisters. It is not all that unusual for a child to have four parents and eight grandparents! These are enormous changes from the traditional nuclear family. But even so, even in the midst of all this, there remains one constant: Most Americans spend most of
17、 their adult lives married.（分数：10.00）(1).By calling Americans marrying people the author means that_.A. Americans are more traditional than EuropeansB. Americans expect more out of marriage than EuropeansC. there are more married couples in U. S. A than in EuropeD. more of Americans, as compared wit
18、h Europeans, prefer marriage and they accept it at a younger age（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Divorced Americans_.A. will most likely remarryB. prefer the way they liveC. have lost faith in marriageD. are the vast majority of people in the society（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following can be presented a
19、s the picture of todays American families?A. A typical American family consists of only a husband and a wife.B. Many types of family arrangements have become socially acceptable.C. Americans prefer to have more kids than before.D. There are no nuclear families any more.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).“Part-tim
20、e“ children_.A. spend some of their time with their half-brothers and some of their time with their half-sistersB. spend all of their time with one parent from the previous marriageC. are shared between the two former spousesD. cannot stay with “full-time“ children（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Even though gr
21、eat changes have taken place in the structure of American families, _.A. the functions of marriage remain unchangedB. most Americans prefer a second marriageC. the vast majority of Americans still have faith in marriageD. all of the above（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Self-esteem is the co
22、llection of beliefs or feelings we have about ourselves, our “self-perceptions. “ How we define ourselves influences our motivations, attitudes, and behaviors and affects our emotional adjustment.Patterns of self-esteem start very early in life. For example, a toddler who reaches a milestone experie
23、nces a sense of accomplishment that bolsters self-esteem. Learning to roll over after dozens of unsuccessful attempts teaches a baby a “can-do“ attitude.The concept of success following persistence starts early. As kids try, fail, try again, fail again, and then finally succeed, they develop ideas a
24、bout their own capabilities. At the same time, theyre creating a self-concept based on interactions with other people. This is why parental involvement is important to helping kids form accurate, healthy self-perceptions.Self-esteem fluctuates as kids grow. Its frequently changed and fine-tuned, bec
25、ause it is affected by a childs experiences and new perceptions. So it helps to be aware of the signs of both healthy and unhealthy self-esteem. Kids with low self-esteem may not want to try new things, and may frequently speak negatively about themselves. They tend to be overly critical of and easi
26、ly disappointed in themselves. Kids with low self-esteem see temporary setbacks as permanent, intolerable conditions, and a sense of pessimism predominates. Kids with healthy self-esteem tend to enjoy interacting with others. Theyre comfortable in social settings and enjoy group activities as well a
27、s independent pursuits. When challenges arise, they can work toward finding solutions and voice discontent without belittling themselves or others.How can a parent help to foster healthy self-esteem in a child? Kids who dont feel safe or are abused at home will suffer immensely from low self-esteem.
28、 A child who is exposed to parents who fight and argue repeatedly may become depressed and withdrawn. Also watch for signs of abuse by others, problems in school, trouble with peers, and other factors that may affect kids self-esteem. Deal with these issues sensitively but swiftly. And always rememb
29、er to respect your kids.If you suspect your child has low self-esteem, consider doing something about it. Family and child counselors can work to uncover underlying issues that prevent a child from feeling good about him or herself. Therapy can help kids learn to view themselves and the world positi
30、vely. When kids see themselves in a more realistic light, they can accept who they truly are. With a little help, every child can develop healthy self-esteem for a happier, more fulfilling life.（分数：10.00）(1).The first paragraph intends to tell the readers_.A what self esteem isB some examples of sel
31、f esteemC patterns of self-esteem start very early in lifeD how important self-esteem is for children（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The word “toddler“ (Line 1, Para. 2) most probably means_.A very young child B teenagerC adult D boy（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which one of the following belongs to the characteristics
32、 of kids with low self-esteem?A They always want to try new things.B They frequently talk about themselves.C They are overly criticized for their mistakes.D They are easily disappointed in themselves.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The suggestion provided in paragraph 5 is_.A identify and redirect your childs
33、inaccurate beliefsB create a safe, nurturing home environmentC be spontaneous and affectionateD help kids become involved in constructive experiences（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What is the main idea of the last paragraph?A Signals for low self-esteem.B Accept your children as who they are.C Finding profess
34、ional help.D Function of family and child counselors.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Opinion polls are now beginning to show an unwilling general agreement that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to fin
35、d ways of sharing the available employment more widely.But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future of work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employ
36、er? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighbourhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centres of production and work?The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people s work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to a
37、n end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought about may have to be reversed. This seems a discouraging thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.Employment became wides
38、pread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from peoples homes, Later, as
39、 transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people travelled longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many peoples work lost all connection with their home lives and places in which they lived.Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. It became customary fo
40、r the husband to go out paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife.All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the impractical goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many p
41、eople to manage without full-time jobs.（分数：10.00）(1).What idea did the author derive from the recent opinion polls?A New jobs must be created in order to rectify high unemployment figures.B Available employment should be restricted to a small percentage of the population.C The present high unemploym
42、ent figures are a fact of life.D Jobs available must be distributed among more people.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The passage suggests that we should now re-examine our thinking about work and_.A be prepared to fill in time by taking up houseworkB set up smaller private enterprises so that we in turn cab e
43、mploy othersC create more factories in order to increase our productivityD be prepared to admit that being employed is not the only kind of work（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The passage tells us that the arrival of the industrial age meant that_.A economic freedom came within everyones reachB patterns of wor
44、k were fundamentally changedC to survive, everyone had to find a jobD universal employment guaranteed prosperity（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).As a result of the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries,_.A people were not adequately compensated for the loss of their landB people were no longer legally entit
45、led to reclaim land C people were badly paid for the work they managed to findD people were forced to look elsewhere for means of supporting themselves（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the passage, which of the following is true?A People should start to Support themselves by learning a practical ski
46、ll.B The creation of jobs for all is an impossibility.C We should help people to get full-time jobs;D We must make every effort to solve the problem of unemployment.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Mark Twain once observed that giving up smoking is easy. He knew, because he d done it hundred
47、s of times himself. Giving up for ever is a trifle more difficult, apparently, and it is well known that it is much more difficult for some people than for others. Why is this so?Few doctors believe any longer that it is simply a question of will power. And for those people that continue to view add
48、icts as merely “weak“, recent genetic research may force a rethink. A study conducted by Jacqueline Vink, of the Free University of Amsterdam, used a database called the Netherlands Twin Register to analyze the smoking habits of twins. Her results, published in the Pharmacogenomics Journal, suggest that an individuals degree of nicotine dependence, and even the number of cigarettes he smokes per day, are strongly genetically influenced.The Netherlands Twin Register is a voluntary database that contains details of some 7,000 pairs of adult twins (aged between 15 and 70) and 28,000
