1、考研英语(一)-8 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Personality is to a large extent inherent. A-type parents usually (1) A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect (2) if competition is important to the parents, it is (3) to become a major factor in
2、the lives of their children.One place where children (4) A characteristics is school, which is, (5) its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools (6) the “win at all costs“ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current (7) for making children co
3、mpete against their classmates or against the (8) produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. Being too (9) to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, (10) dead seconds after saying.
4、“Rejoice, we conquer!“(11) the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. There is, for example, a (12) school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The (13) of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition
5、 in the certain (14) of failure is positively harmful.(15) , it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into Bs. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to (16) a childs personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.If the preocc
6、upation of schools with academic work was (17) , more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection (18) the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such (19) as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to ch
7、oose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. Bs are important and should be (20) .（分数：10.00）A.bring aboutB.care forC.carry onD.keep upA.whenB.sinceC.althoughD.andA.possibleB.crucialC.likelyD.essentialA.draw onB.get overC.drag onD.soak upA.forB.byC.withD.toA.adaptB.abideC.adoptD.absorbA.passionB.s
8、upportC.initiativeD.desirabilityA.authorityB.worldC.natureD.clockA.liableB.readyC.keenD.fondA.droppedB.collapsedC.trippedD.stumbledA.So farB.By farC.Thus farD.Far tooA.responsibleB.reliableC.scarceD.rareA.meritsB.drawbacksC.defectsD.faultsA.destinyB.recognitionC.knowledgeD.intentionA.FrequentlyB.Obv
9、iouslyC.PresumablyD.SpecificallyA.suitB.applyC.accustomD.fitA.augmentedB.lessenedC.increasedD.boostedA.forB.ofC.byD.toA.judgmentsB.assumptionsC.considerationsD.estimatesA.appreciatedB.optedC.adoredD.encouraged二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)We have k
10、nown for a long time that the organization of any particular society is influenced by the definition of the sexes and the distinction drawn between them. But we have realized only recently that the identity of each sex is not so easy to pin down, and that definitions evolve in accordance with differ
11、ent types of culture known to us, that is, scientific discoveries and ideological revolutions. Our nature is not considered as immutable, either socially or biologically. As we approach the beginning of the 21st century, the substantial progress made in biology and genetics is radically challenging
12、the roles, responsibilities and specific characteristics attributed to each sex, and yet, scarcely twenty years ago, these were thought to be “beyond dispute“.We can safely say, with a few minor exceptions, that the definition of the sexes and their respective functions remained unchanged in the Wes
13、t from the beginning of the 19tb century to the 1960s. The role distinction, raised in some cases to the status of uncompromising dualism on a strongly hierarchical model, lasted throughout this period, appealing for its justification to nature, religion and customs alleged to have existed since the
14、 dawn of time. The woman bore children and took care of the home. The man set out tc conquer the world and was responsible for the survival of his family, by satisfying their needs in peacetime and going to war when necessary.The entire world order rested on the divergence of the sexes. Any overlapp
15、ing or confusion between the roles was seen as a threat to the time-honored order of things. It was felt to be against nature, a deviation from the norm.Sex roles were determined according to the “place“ appropriate to each. Womens place was, first and foremost, in the home. The outside world, i.e.
16、workshops, factories and business firms, belonged to men. This sex-based division of the world (private and public) gave rise to a strict dichotomy between the attitudes, which conferred on each its special identity. The woman, sequestered at home, “cared, nurtured and conserved“. To do this, she ha
17、d no need to be daring, ambitious, tough or competitive. The man, on the other hand, competing with his fellow men, was caught up every day in the struggle for survival, and hence developed those characteristics which were thought natural in a man.Today, many women go out to work, and their reasons
18、for doing so have changed considerably. Besides, the traditional financial incentives, we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances, and the wish to have a social life and to get out of their domestic isolation influencing others. Above all, for all
19、women, work is invariably connected with the desire for independence.（分数：10.00）(1).It is only in recent years that we have recognized that（分数：2.00）A.there is almost no clue to the identity of both sexes.B.the role distinction between different sexes is conspicuous.C.the different definitions of sexe
20、s bears on the development of culture.D.the progress of civilization greatly influences the role definitions of sexes.(2).From paragraph 1 we can infer that it is now possible for women to embark on a career because（分数：2.00）A.the change in sex roles is out of the question.B.womens lib has been going
21、 on for many years.C.ideas about the roles of women have been changing.D.the expansion of sciences scarcely remolds the womens roles.(3).The author believes that sex discrimination in the West before the 1960s was（分数：2.00）A.preferable.B.prevalent.C.presumable.D.precedent.(4).According to the fourth
22、paragraph, the author seems to think that（分数：2.00）A.female passivity is natural.B.men and women are physically identical.C.men are born competitive and aggressive.D.some different sex identity is acquired.(5).According to the author, which of the following is the most important reason for women to g
23、o to work?（分数：2.00）A.Wish to claim their rights and freedom.B.Ambition and self-fulfillment.C.Financial incentives.D.Desire for a social life.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The domestic economy in the United States expanded in a remarkably vigorous and steady fashion. The revival in consumer confidence was
24、 reflected in the higher proportion of incomes spent for goods and services and the marked increase in consumer willingness to take on installment debt. A parallel strengthening in business psychology was manifested in a stepped-up rate of plant and equipment spending and a gradual pickup in expense
25、s for inventory. Confidence in the economy was also reflected in the strength of the stock market and in the stability of the bond market. For the year as a whole, consumer and business sentiment benefited from the ease in East-West tensions.The bases of the business expansion were to be found mainl
26、y in the stimulative monetary and fiscal policies that had been pursued. Moreover, the restoration of sounder liquidity positions and tighter management control of production efficiency had also helped lay the groundwork for a strong expansion. In addition, the economic policy moves made by the Pres
27、ident had served to renew optimism on the business outlook while boosting hopes that inflation would be brought under more effective control. Finally, of course, the economy was able to grow as vigorously as it did because sufficient leeway existed in terms of idle men and machines.The United States
28、 balance of payments deficit declined sharply. Nevertheless, by any other test, the deficit remained very large, and there was actually a substantial deterioration in our trade account to a sizable deficit, almost two-thirds of which was with Japan. While the overall trade performance proved disappo
29、inting, there are still good reasons for expecting the delayed impact of devaluation to produce in time a significant strengthening in our trade picture. Given the size of the Japanese component of our trade deficit, however, the outcome will depend importantly on the extent of the corrective measur
30、es undertaken by Japan. Also important will be our own efforts in the United States to fashion internal policies consistent with an improvement in our external balance.The underlying task of public policy for the year ahead-and indeed for the longer run- remained a familiar one.- to strike the right
31、 balance between encouraging healthy economic growth and avoiding inflationary pressures. With the economy showing sustained and vigorous growth, and with the currency crisis highlighting the need to improve our competitive posture internationally, the emphasis seemed to be shifting to the problem o
32、f inflation. The Phase Three program of wage and price restraint can contribute to reducing inflation. Unless productivity growth is unexpectedly large, however, the expansion of real output must eventually begin to slow down to the economys larger run growth potential if generalized demand pressure
33、s on prices are to be avoided.（分数：10.00）(1).The author mentions increased installment debt in the first paragraph in order to show（分数：2.00）A.the continuing expansion of the economy.B.the growth of consumer purchasing power.C.the consumers confidence in the economy.D.the soaring consumer incomes for
34、spending.(2).Paragraph 2 mainly deals with（分数：2.00）A.the revival of stronger liquidity positions.B.the stimulative monetary and fiscal policies.C.the causes of business development for the period.D.economic policy measures suggested by the President.(3).It can be inferred from the third paragraph th
35、at the authors attitude toward the reduction of the international payments deficit seems（分数：2.00）A.bitter-sweet.B.optimistic.C.sympatheticD.depressing.(4).Part of the public policy task, as outlined in the text, is to（分数：2.00）A.prevent payments deficit.B.avoid inflationary pressures.C.devalue the do
36、llar.D.increase the balance of trade.(5).It can be learned from the last paragraph that the Phase Three program contained（分数：2.00）A.reduced government spending.B.devaluation of the dollar.C.productivity measures.D.wage and price controls.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Shopping has always been something of
37、an impulse activity, in which objects that catch our fancy while strolling are immediately bought on a whim. Advertisers and sellers have taken advantage of this fact, carefully positioning inexpensive but attractive items on paths that we are most likely to cross, hoping that our human nature will
38、lead to a greater profit for them. With the dawn of the Internet and its exploding use across the world, the same tactics apply.Advertisers now place “banners“, links to commercial web sites decorated with attractive pictures designed to catch our eyes while browsing the webs, on key web sites with
39、heavy traffic. They pay top dollar for the right, thus creating profits for the hosting web site as well. These actions are performed in the hopes that during the course of our casual and leisurely web surfing, well click on that banner that sparks our interest and thus, in theory, buy the products
40、advertised.Initial results have been positive. Web sites report a huge inflow of cash, both from the advertisers who tempt customers in with the banners and the hosting web sites, which are paid for allowing the banners to be put in place. As trust and confidence in Internet buying increases and inf
41、ormation security is heightened with new technology, the volume of buying is increasing, leading to even greater profits.The current situation, however, is not quite as optimistic. Just as magazine readers tend to unconsciously ignore advertisements in their favorite periodicals, web browsers are be
42、ginning to allow banners to slip their notice as well. Internet users respond to the flood of banners by viewing them as annoyances, a negative image that is hurting sales, since users are now less reluctant to click on those banners, preferring not to support the system that puts them in place. If
43、Internet advertising is to continue to be a viable and profitable business practice, new methods will need to be considered to reinvigorate the industry.With the recent depression in the technology sector and slowing economy, even new practices may not do the trick. As consumers are saving more and
44、frequenting traditional real estate businesses over their Internet counterparts, the fate of Internet business is called into question. The coming years will be the only reliable indication of whether shopping on the world wide web is the wave of the future or simply an impulse activity whose whim h
45、as passed.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be learned from the first paragraph that Internet advertising（分数：2.00）A.has taken the place of more traditional methods of advertising.B.is one of the most effective ways to make profits on the web.C.is paralleling advertising methods in traditional business settings.D
46、.seeks to tempt customers through impulse shopping methods.(2).The second and third paragraphs are written in order to illustrate（分数：2.00）A.the policy Internet advertisers design to lure clientele and its outcome.B.the process and mixed consequences of Internet advertising and shopping.C.the biggest
47、 splash Internet advertisers have recently made in sales promotions.D.the banners Internet advertisers take advantage of to arouse customers interest.(3).Analyzing the current state of the online advertising in paragraph 4, the author implies that（分数：2.00）A.it has to be modified over time to remain
48、effective.B.for all its current profits, it will fade in the long run.C.banners are beginning to lose their advertising efficiency.D.Internet advertising methods will continue to decrease sales.(4).The expression “do the trick“ in the last paragraph most probably means（分数：2.00）A.come to the point.B.
49、fulfill their purpose.C.fail of their success.D.live up to their promise.(5).The authors attitude toward online advertising can be summarized as（分数：2.00）A.reserved consent but discontent.B.objective analysis void of opinions.C.enthusiastic support but slight contempt.D.approval so far but uncertainty in the future.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Picture-taking is a technique both for reflecting the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual pho
