1、考研英语(二)分类真题 16 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Many states have gone on prison-building sprees, yet the penal system is choked to bursting. To ease the pressure, nearly all convicted felons are released earlyor not locked
2、 up at all. “About three of every four convicted criminals,“ says John DiIulio, a noted Princeton criminologist, “are on the streets without meaningful probation or parole supervision.“ And while everyone knows that amateur thugs should be deterred before they become career criminals, it is almost u
3、nheard-of for judges to send first- or second-time offenders to prison. Meanwhile, the price of keeping criminals in cages is appallinga common estimate is $30,000 per inmate per year. (To be sure, the cost to society of turning many inmates loose would be even higher.) For tens of thousands of conv
4、icts, prison is a graduate school of criminal studies: They emerge more ruthless and savvy than when they entered. And for many offenders, there is even a certain cachet to doing timea stint in prison becomes a sign of manhood, a status symbol. But there would be no cachet in chaining a criminal to
5、an outdoor post and flogging him. If young punks were horsewhipped in public after their first conviction, fewer of them would harden into lifelong felons. A humiliating and painful paddling can be applied to the rear end of a crook for a lot less than $30,000and prove a lot more educational than 10
6、 years“ worth of prison meals and lockdowns. Are we quite certain the Puritans have nothing to teach us about dealing with criminals? Of course, their crimes are not our crimes: We do not arrest blasphemers or adulterers, and only gun control fanatics would criminalize the sale of weapons to Indians
7、. (They would criminalize the sale of weapons to anybody.) Nor would the ordeal suffered by poor Joseph Gatchellthe tongue “pierce through“ with a hot pokerbe regarded today as anything less than torture. But what is the objection to corporal punishment that doesn“t maim or mutilate? Instead of a pr
8、ison term, why not sentence at least some criminalssay, thieves and drunk driversto a public whipping? “Too degrading,“ some will say. “Too brutal.“ But where is it written that being whipped is more degrading than being caged? Why is it more brutal to flog a wrongdoer than to throw him in prisonwhe
9、re the risk of being beaten, raped, or murdered is terrifyingly high? The Globe reported in 1994 that more than 200,000 prison inmates are raped each year, usually to the indifference of the guards. “The horrors experienced by many young inmates, particularly those who . are convicted of nonviolent
10、offenses,“ former Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun has written, “border on the unimaginable.“ Are those horrors preferable to the short, sharp shame of corporal punishment? Perhaps the Puritans were more enlightened than we think, at least on the subject of punishment. Their sanctions were humil
11、iating and painful, but quick and cheap. Maybe we should readopt a few.（分数：20.00）(1).From the first sentence we know that _（分数：4.00）A.many states do not have enough prisons for offendersB.building more prisons does not reduce street crimesC.the legal system is not strict enough to be effectiveD.prob
12、ation and parole without supervision are meaningless(2).The author suggests in the second paragraph that when a prisoner finishes his term, he _（分数：4.00）A.will usually develop a sense of decencyB.will repay the society with newly acquired skillsC.will become as educated as college graduatesD.will em
13、erge as a more hardened criminal(3).A “cachet“ is _（分数：4.00）A.a sense of shameB.a term in prisonC.an admirable qualityD.a moral lesson(4).The author is highly suspicious of _（分数：4.00）A.the Puritan valuesB.probation and parole supervisionC.humiliating and painful paddlingD.punishment by way of impris
14、onment(5).The author of the passage is in favor of _（分数：4.00）A.imprisonmentB.corporal punishmentC.legal convictionD.tougher sentences四、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentall
15、y ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people could receive humane care in hospital-like environments and treatment which might help restore them to sanity. By the mid 1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 1800s and early 1900s, i
16、n the face of economic depression, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylums became overcrowded and prison-like. Additionally, patients were more resistant to treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint we
17、re needed to protect patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but forgotten. These conditions continued until after World War . At that time, new treatments were discovered for some major mental illnesses theretofore c
18、onsidered untreatable, and newspaper reports called attention to the plight of the mentally ill. Improvements were made and Dr. David Vail“s Humane Practices Program is a beacon for today. But changes were slow in coming until the early 1960s. At that time, the Civil Rights movement led lawyers to i
19、nvestigate America“s prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisonsthe hospitals for the criminally insane. The prisons were filled with angry young men who, encouraged by legal support, were
20、 quick to demand their rights. The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered “crazy“ and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use of severe bodily restraints and large doses of major tranquilizers. The young cadre of public
21、interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong. And in many states, they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice, which,
22、 once exposed, was bound to shock the public and, particularly, the judicial conscience. Patients“ rights groups successfully encouraged reform by lobbying in state legislatures. Judicial interventions have had some definite positive effects, but there is growing awareness that courts cannot provide
23、 the standards and review mechanisms that assure good patient care. The details of providing day-to-day care simply cannot be mandated by a court, so it is time to take from the courts the responsibility for delivery of mental health care and assurance of patient rights and return it to the state me
24、ntal health administrators to whom the mandate was originally given. Though it is a difficult task, administrators must undertake to write rules and standards and to provide the training and surveillance to assure that treatment is given and patient rights are respected.（分数：20.00）(1).The main purpos
25、e of the text is to _（分数：4.00）A.discuss the influence of Dorothea Dix on the mental health movementB.provide a historical perspective on problems of mental health careC.increase public awareness of the plight of the mentally illD.describe the invention of new treatments for mental illness(2).All of
26、the following contributed to the deterioration of the asylum system EXCEPT the _（分数：4.00）A.lack of funds to maintain the asylumsB.resistance from patients to being treated like prisonersC.influx of more patients than the system was designed to handleD.lack of effective treatments for many mental ill
27、nesses(3).The new concerti for patients“ rights is brought about mainly by _（分数：4.00）A.the public health movement in the United StatesB.the outbreak of new untreatable mental illnessesC.some of the important legal casesD.the Civil Rights movement in the United States(4).Had the Civil Rights movement
28、 not prompted an investigation of prison conditions, _（分数：4.00）A.states would never have established asylums for the mentally illB.new treatments for major mental illness would have likely remained untestedC.the Civil Rights movement in America would have been politically ineffectiveD.conditions in
29、mental hospitals might have escaped judicial scrutiny(5).The tone of the text can best be described as _（分数：4.00）A.cautiously optimisticB.fiercely accusativeC.mercilessly criticalD.cleverly deceptive五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Black and Hispanic patients infected with the HIV virus are less likely than
30、whites to participate in clinical studies of new treatments or to receive experimental drugs, according to the first study that has used nationally representative data to examine such disparities. Moreover, underrepresentation of blacks and Hispanics in HIV treatment studies becomes a concern for th
31、e applicability of the clinical research to patients in the general population. The findings indicate that people with HIV infection overall are much more likely to get experimental treatments than are people with other diseases, such as cancer or heart disease. Because AIDS treatment is evolving ra
32、pidly and because the virus often develops resistance to approved drugs, AIDS activists have lobbied successfully to expand access to new medicines. An estimated 14 percent of the approximately 231,000 adults treated for HIV infection in 1996 participated in a clinical trial, and 24 percent had take
33、n an experimental drug, the study found. Only 4 percent of adults with cancer who are less than 50 years old participate in clinical trials. But the results suggest marked racial and ethnic disparities in access to experimental HIV treatment. Blacks made up only 23 percent of clinical study particip
34、ants but constituted 33 percent of adults receiving HIV care. Similarly, 11 percent of study participants, but 15 percent of HIV-infected patients nationally, were Hispanic. In contrast, whites made up 62 percent of participants in HIV trials, yet represented only 49 percent of adults receiving HIV
35、care. The research team studied a nationally representative sample of 2,864 adults in the 48 contiguous United States who were receiving care for HIV infection in 1996. They interviewed participants three times between 1996 and 1998, asking about their participation in studies, their use of experime
36、ntal drugs and other personal data, including such factors as their trust of doctors and desire to participate in decisions about treatment. The researchers found that, in addition to being black or Hispanic, several other factors also reduced patients“ likelihood of participating in a clinical tria
37、l. They included having less than a high school education, belonging to a health maintenance organization (HMO), and living eight or more miles from a major research hospital. Patients who were white, who were highly educated or who received their health care close to a research center were more lik
38、ely than others to get experimental drugs. In an editorial accompanying the study, Talmadge E. King of San Francisco General Hospital suggested that racial and ethnic disparities in access to experimental treatment may reflect “barriers at the level of the patient, the physician, the institution and
39、 the community.“ Doctors may harbor unconscious prejudices toward blacks or Hispanics, he suggested. Patients may be mistrustful or fear that participating in a study will threaten their autonomy. Researchers studying new treatments for drug companies may avoid enrolling members of minorities “becau
40、se they believe that poor compliance is common in these groups.“（分数：20.00）(1).Because fewer Black and Hispanic HIV patients participate in clinical studies of treatments _（分数：4.00）A.the deathrates among them are higher than among the white HIV patientsB.HIV viruses are able to spread faster among th
41、e Black and Hispanic groupsC.they are less likely to enjoy the fruit of the latest medical discoveriesD.the reliability of the result from such clinical research is seriously undermined(2).HIV viruses rapidly develop resistance to approved treatments _（分数：4.00）A.so larger groups of HIV patients have
42、 to be used in experimentB.so new treatments for them have to be experimented frequentlyC.so patients of different ethnic groups have to be used in experimentD.because the viruses split and mutate very rapidly(3).The word “disparities“ in the first paragraph probably means “_“（分数：4.00）A.differencesB
43、.prejudicesC.experimentsD.treatments(4).Which of the following factors increases the likelihood of an HIV patient to participate in the experimental treatment?（分数：4.00）A.Membership of a health maintenance organization.B.Belonging to one of the minority ethnic groups.C.A trustful and cooperative atti
44、tude.D.Higher sensitivity to the drugs to be experimented.(5).The physicians may be reluctant to involve Black patients in their research because _（分数：4.00）A.they hold a prejudiced view against Black patientsB.these patients are more likely to accuse them of invading their autonomyC.these patients a
45、re usually difficult to cooperate withD.these patients usually live far away from the research hospital六、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Washington DC has traditionally been an unbalanced city when it comes to the life of the mind. It has great national monuments, from the Smithsonian museums to the Library o
46、f Congress. But day-to-day cultural life can be thin. It attracts some of the country“s best brains. But far too much of the city“s intellectual life is devoted to the minutiae of the political process. Dinner table conversation can all too easily turn to budget reconciliation or social security. Th
47、is is changing. On October 1st the Shakespeare Theatre Company opened a 775-seat new theatre in the heart of downtown. Sidney Harman Hall not only provides a new stage for a theatre company that has hitherto had to make do with the 450-seat Lansburgh Theatre around the comer. It will also provide a
48、platform for a large number of smaller arts companies such as the Washington Ballet, the Washington Bach Consort and the CityDance Ensemble. The fact that so many of these outfits are queuing up to perform is testimony to Washington“s cultural vitality. The recently-expanded Kennedy Centre is by som
49、e measures the busiest performing arts complex in America. But it still has a growing number of arts groups which are desperate for mid-sized space downtown. Michael Kahn, the theatre company“s artistic director, jokes that, despite Washington“s aversion to keeping secrets, it has made a pretty good job of keeping quiet about its artistic life. The Harman Centre should act as a whistle blower. Washington still bows the knee to New York and Chicago when it comes to culture. But it has a good claim to be America“s i
