1、考研英语-42 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDirections:/BRead the following text. Choose, e the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 per
2、cent of all illness may beU (1) /Uif individuals would make sound personal health choicesU (2) /Uupon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do nor like to see itU (3) /Uwhen it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows u
3、s to make almost all our personal decisions that mayU (4) /Uour health. If weU (5) /Udesire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eatU (6) /Ufoods we want, and livesU (7) /Usedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is the fundamenta
4、lU (8) /Uof our society,U (9) /Uthe wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative toU (10) /Uoften cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may beU (11) /Uby friends into believing it is a sociallyU (12)
5、/Uthing to do. AU (13) /Uof actors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it isU (14) /Uthe scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect anyU (15) /Uindividual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related beh
6、avior isU (16) /Uone of personal choices. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. Experts suggest that to knowingly giveU (17) /Uover to a behavior that has a statistical probability ofU (18) /Ulife is similar to attempting suicide.U (19) /U, personal health choices shouldU (20) /
7、Uthose behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.（分数：10.00）A.stoppedB.preventableC.immunizedD.curedA.constructedB.basedC.foundD.dependingA.disappearB.vanishC.restrictedD.flourishA.relatesB.connectsC.damageD.concernA.thusB.thereforeC.otherwiseD.s
8、oA.whateverB.goC.healthyD.nutritiousA.completelyB.partiallyC.continuouslyD.comfortableA.factB.aspectC.viewpointD.fashionA.whereB.althoughC.whenD.somehowA.foodB.medicineC.healthD.peopleA.enforcedB.requestedC.pressuredD.rushedA.disgustingB.acceptedC.organizedD.movedA.dozensB.dealC.quantityD.multitudeA
9、.beyondB.forC.withinD.byA.providedB.givenC.singleD.possibleA.seldomB.rarelyC.usuallyD.suspiciouslyA.themselvesB.himselfC.someoneD.oneselfA.shorteningB.lengtheningC.leasingD.livingA.ThusB.HoweverC.UnlessD.ThoughA.rewardB.rumC.reflectD.revenge二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BPart A/BBDirections:/BRead
10、 the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A. B, Cot D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.BText 1/BPotential AIDS victims who refuse to be tested for the disease and then defend their right to remain ignorant about whether they carry the virus are entitled to that
11、fight. But ignorance cannot be used to rationalize irresponsibility. Nowhere in their argument is their concern about how such ignorance might endanger public health by exposing others to the virus.All disease is an outrage, and disease that affects the young and healthy seems particularly outrageou
12、s. When a disease selectively attacks the socially disadvantaged, such as homosexuals and drug abusers, it seems an injustice beyond rationalization. Such is the case with acquired immune deficiency syndrome.Decent people are offended by this unfairness and in the name of benevolence have been drive
13、n to do morally irresponsible things such as denying the unpleasant facts of the disease, out of compassion for the victims. We cannot distort the facts to comfort the afflicted when such confusion compounds the tragedy.Some crucial facts: AIDS is a communicable disease. The percentage of those infe
14、cted with the AIDS virus who will eventually contract the disease is unknown, but that percentage rises with each new estimate. The disease so far has been 100 potential. The latency period between the time the virus is acquired and the disease develops is also unknown.We now have teats for the pres
15、ence of the virus that is as efficient and reliable as almost any diagnostic test in medicine. An individual who tests positive can be presumed with near-certainty to carry the virus, whether he has the disease or not.To state that the test for AIDS is “ambiguous“, as a clergyman recently in public,
16、 is a misstatement and an immoral act. To state that the test does not directly indicate the presence of the virus is a half-truth that misleads and an immoral act. The test correlates so consistently with the presence of the virus in bacteria cultures as to be considered I00 percent certain by expe
17、rts.Everyone who tests positive must understand that he is a potential vector for the AIDS virus and has a moral duty and responsibility to prevent others from contamination. We are not just dealing with the protection of the innocent but with an essential step to contain the spread of an epidemic a
18、s horrible as any that has befallen modern man. We must do everything in our power to keep this still, untreatable disease from becoming pandemic.It may seem unfair to burden the tragic victims with concern for the welfare of others. But moral responsibility is not a luxury of the fortunate, and evi
19、l actions committed in despair cannot be condemned out of pity. It is morally wrong for a healthy individual who tests positive for AIDS to be involved with anyone except under the strict precautions now defined as safe sex.It is morally wrong for someone in a high-risk population who refuses to tes
20、t himself to do other than to assume that he tests positive. It is morally wrong for those who, out of sympathy for the heartbreaking victims of this epidemic, as though well wishing and platitudes(老生常谈) about the ambiguities of the disease are necessary in order to comfort the victims while they co
21、ntribute to enlarging the number of those victims. Moral responsibility is the burden of the sick as well as the healthy.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the essay, which of the following statements is NOT true?（分数：2.00）A.It is unknown that how many A1DS-infeeted people will eventually get the disease.B.A
22、IDS is a contagious disease.C.AIDS has been so far 100 percent deadly.D.The inactive period between the time the virus is acquired and AIDS develops is 2 years.(2).According to experts, the test for AIDS is_.（分数：2.00）A.100 percent certainty correlated with the presence of the virus in culturesB.ambi
23、guous because even they themselves are not certainC.inaccurate because there are consistently confusing resultsD.not correlated with the presence of the virus(3).What rhetorical purpose does the last three sentences in the essay serve?（分数：2.00）A.Restatement of the authors purpose in the writing.B.Co
24、ncluding the authors essay by restating his main arguments.C.Blaming those who refuse to be tested for the AIDS.D.Emphasizing the importance of the test for the AIDS.(4).The word “outrage“ (Sentence 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.indignationB.angerC.disgraceD.cruelty(5).What is the
25、passage mainly about?（分数：2.00）A.The author asserts that those who refuse to be tested for AIDS are justifiable.B.The author holds that the sick should take the moral responsibility of protecting public health.C.The author states that people should take precautions against AIDS.D.The author thinks th
26、at people should condemn those who are irresponsible.BText 2/BIf national health insurance would not cure the problems of the American healthcare system, what, then, is responsible for them? Suspicion falls heavily on hospitals, which make up the largest component of the system. In 1988 hospitals ac
27、counted for 39% of all health expenditures-more than doctor, nursing homes, drugs, and home health care combined.Although U. S. hospitals provide outstanding research and frequently excellent care, they also exhibit the classic attributes of insufficient organizations: increasing costs and decreasin
28、g use. The average cost of a hospital stay in 19873,850was more than double the 1980 cost. A careful government analysis published in 1987 revealed the inflation of hospital costs, over and above general price inflation, as a major factor in their growth, even after allowances were made for increase
29、s in the population and in intensity of care. While the rate of increase for hospital costs was 2796 greater than that for all medical care and 163% greater than that for all other goods and services, demand for hospital services fell by 34%. But hospitals seemed oblivious of the decline: during thi
30、s period the number of hospital beds shrank only by about 396, and the number of full-time employees grew by more than 240, 000.After yet another unexpectedly high hospital-cost increase last year, one puzzled government analyst asked: “Wheres the money going?“ Much of the increase in hospital costs
31、amounting to 180 billion from 1965 to 1987went to duplicating medical technology available in nearby hospitals and maintaining excess beds. Modern Healthcare, a leading journal in the field, recently noted that “anecdotes of hospitals unnecessary spending on technology abound“. Medical technology is
32、 very expensive. An operating room outfitted to perform open-heart surgery costs hundreds of thousands of dollars. From 1982 to 1989 the number of hospitals with open-heart-surgery facilities grew by 33%, and the most rapid growth occurred among smaller and moderate-sized hospitals. This growth was
33、worrisome for reasons of both costs and quality. Underused technology almost inevitably decreases quality of care. In medicine, as in everything else, practice makes perfect. For example, most of the hospitals with the lowest ra6rtaiity rates for coronary-bypass surgery perform at least fifty to a h
34、undred such procedures annually, and in some cases many more: the majority of those with the highest mortality rates perform fewer than fifty a year.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, the American health-care system_.（分数：2.00）A.is working smoothlyB.is the best system in the worldC.is not workin
35、g efficientlyD.in on the point of collapses(2).In 1980, the average cost of a hospital stay was _（分数：2.00）A.3,850,B.less than 1,925C.1,925D.more than 1,925(3).When demand for hospital services fell, hospitals_.（分数：2.00）A.took effective measures to reduce their expendituresB.were fully aware of the s
36、ituation and took some measures accordinglyC.reduced the number of hospital beds sharplyD.continued to take on more full-time medical workers(4).According to the passage, hospital costs went up greatly mainly because_.（分数：2.00）A.hospitals spent a lot of money unnecessarily on medical technologyB.hos
37、pitals bought too much expensive operating equipmentC.hospitals employed too many unskilled medical workersD.hospitals were under poor management(5).It is implied in the last paragraph that if a hospital uses its medical technology to the full,_.（分数：2.00）A.it will decrease its quality of treatmentB.
38、it will certainly push up its expendituresC.it will have a high mortality rate from surgeryD.it will maintain its good quality of careBText 3/BClimatic conditions are delicately adjusted to the composition of the Earths atmosphere. If there were a change in the atmosphere-for example, in the relativ
39、e proportions of atmospheric gases“-the climate would probably change also. A slight increase in water vapor, for instance, would increase the heat-retaining capacity of the atmosphere and would lead to a rise in global temperatures. In contrast, a large increase in water vapor would increase the th
40、ickness and extent of the cloud layer, reducing the amount of solar energy reaching the Earths surface.The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has an important effect on climatic change. Most of the Earths incoming energy is short-wavelength radiation, which tends to pass through atmospheric c
41、arbon dioxide easily. The Earth, however, reradiates much of the received energy as long-wavelength radiation, which carbon dioxide absorbs and then remits toward the Earth. This phenomenon, known as the greenhouse effect, can result in an increase in the surface temperature of a planet. An extreme
42、example of the effect is shown by Venus, a planet covered by heavy clouds composed mostly of carbon dioxide, whose surface temperatures have been measured at 43012. If the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere is reduced, the temperature falls. According to one respectable theory, if the atmosphe
43、ric carbon dioxide concentration were halved, the Earth would become completely covered with ice. Another equally respectable theory, however, states that a halving of the carbon dioxide concentration would lead only to reduction in global temperatures of 312.If, because of an increase in forest fir
44、es or volcanic activity, the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere increased, a warmer climate would be produced. Plant growth, which relies on both the warmth and the availability of carbon dioxide, would probably increase. As a consequence, plants would use more and more carbon dioxide. Eventua
45、lly carbon dioxide levels would diminish and the climate, in turn, would become cooler. With reduced temperatures many plants would die; carbon dioxide would thereby be returned to the atmosphere and gradually the temperature would rise again. Thus, if this process occurred, there might be a long-te
46、rm oscillation in the amount of carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere, with regular temperature increases and decreases of a set magnitude.Some climatologists argue that the burning of fossil fuels has raised the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and has caused a global temperature increa
47、se of at least 1 C. But a supposed global temperature rise of 112 may in reality be only several regional temperature increases, restricted to areas where there are many meteorological stations and mused simply by shifts in the pattern of atmospheric circulation. Other areas, for example, the Southe
48、rn Hemisphere Oceanic Zone, may be experiencing an equivalent temperature decrease that is unrecognized because of the shortage of meteorological recording stations.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following questions does the passage supply information for answering?（分数：2.00）A.Why are projections of the
49、effects of changes in water vapor levels oh the climate so inaccurate?B.What are the steps in the process that takes place as carbon dioxide absorbs long-wave length radiation?C.How might our understanding of the greenhouse effect be improved if the burning of fossil fuels were decreased?D.What might cause a series of regular in
