1、考研英语-试卷 234及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Standard English is the variety of English which is usually used in print and which is
2、 normally taught in schools and to non-native speakers learning the language. It is also the variety which is normally (1)_ by educated people and used in news broadcasts and other (2)_ situations. The difference between standard and nonstandard, it should be noted, has (3)_ in principle to do with
3、differences between formal and colloquial (4)_; standard English has colloquial as well as formal variants. (5)_, the standard variety of English is based on the London (6)_ of English that developed after the Norman Conquest resulted in the removal of the Court from Winchester to London. This diale
4、ct became the one (7)_ by the educated, and it was developed and promoted (8)_ a model, or norm, for wider and wider segments of society. It was also the (9)_ that was carried overseas, but not one unaffected by such export. Today, (10)_ English is arranged to the extent that the grammar and vocabul
5、ary of English are (11)_ the same everywhere in the world where English is used; (12)_ among local standards is really quite minor, (13)_ the Singapore, South Africa, and Irish varieties are really very (14)_ different from one another so far as grammar and vocabulary are (15)_.Indeed, Standard Engl
6、ish is so powerful that it exerts a tremendous (16)_ on all local varieties, to the extent that many of long-established dialects of England have (17)_ much of their vigor and there is considerable pressure on them to be (18)_. This latter situation is not unique (19)_ English: it is also true in ot
7、her countries where processes of standardization are (20)_.But it sometimes creates problems for speakers who try to strike some kind of compromise between local norms and national, even supranational ones.（分数：40.00）A.saidB.toldC.talkedD.spokenA.sameB.similarC.equalD.identicalA.anythingB.somethingC.
8、nothingD.everythingA.languageB.vocabularyC.idiomsD.wordsA.SurprisinglyB.HistoricallyC.InterestinglyD.GenerallyA.accentB.pronunciationC.spellingD.dialectA.preferredB.learnedC.praisedD.createdA.toB.inC.asD.forA.basisB.normC.ruleD.varietyA.formalB.colloquialC.non-standardD.standardA.notB.veryC.muchD.ha
9、rdlyA.variationB.standardizationC.unificationD.transformationA.thereforeB.butC.so thatD.neverthelessA.greatB.muchC.noD.littleA.talkedB.concernedC.mentionedD.involvedA.pressB.pressureC.powerD.forceA.lostB.gainedC.missedD.gotA.abandonedB.changedC.standardizedD.reformedA.inB.ofC.forD.toA.in the wayB.un
10、der wayC.out of the wayD.all the way二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Six years later, in an about-face, the FBI admits that federal agents fired
11、tear gas canisters capable of causing a fire at the Branch Davidian compound near Waco, Texas in 1993. But the official said the firing came several hours before the structure burst into flames, killing 80 people including the Davidians“ leader, David Koresh. “In looking into this, we“ve come across
12、 information that shows some canisters that can be deemed pyrotechnic in nature were firedhours before the fire started“, the official said. “Devices were fired at the bunker, not at the main structure where the Davidians were camped out“. The Federal Bureau of Investigation maintains it did not sta
13、rt what turned to be a series of fiery bursts of flames that ended a 51-day standoff between branch members and the federal government. “This doesn“t change the bottom line that David Koresh started the fire and the government did not“, the official said. “It simply Shows that devices that could pro
14、bably be flammable were used in the early morning hours“. The law enforcement official said the canisters were fired not at the main structure where the Davidian members were camped out but at the nearby underground bunker. They bounced off the bunker“s concrete roof and landed in an open field well
15、, the official said. The canisters were fired at around 6 a.m., and the fire that destroyed the wooden compound started around noon, the official said. The official also added that other tear gas canisters used by agent that day were not flammable or potentially explosive. While Coulson denied the g
16、renades played a role in starting the fire, his statement marked the first time that any U.S. government official has publicly contradicted the government“s position that federal agents used nothing on the final day of the siege at Waco that could have sparked the fire that engulfed the compound. Th
17、e cause of the fiery end is a major focus of an ongoing inquiry by the Texas Rangers into the Waco siege.（分数：10.00）(1).The FBI official has NOT admitted that_.（分数：2.00）A.the canisters were fired at the main structureB.the canisters were fired hours before the fire startedC.federal agents fired tear
18、gas canisters capable of causing a fireD.other tear gas canisters that were not flammable or potentially explosive were also used(2).From the passage, what information can be inferred about the event in 1993?（分数：2.00）A.The compound was blown up by the FBI agents.B.The compound burst into flames at d
19、awn.C.The federal government besieged the compound for 51 days before the tragedy occurred.D.About 80 people were killed in the event except the Davidians“ leader, David Koresh.(3).After reading the passage, how much do you know about the compound near Waco?（分数：2.00）A.About 51 people lived in the co
20、mpound at the time of the event in 1993.B.It consisted of a main structure and a bunker.C.It was built of stone.D.It was a schoolhouse.(4).Coulson“s speech has_.（分数：2.00）A.made the matter even more complicated and confusingB.been approved by the governmentC.met sharp criticismD.brought the whole mat
21、ter into broad daylight(5).The attitude of the narrator towards this message is_.（分数：2.00）A.neutralB.bitterC.excitedD.expectantThe question of whether war is inevitable is one, which has concerned many of the world“s great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce som
22、e related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something, which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, whi
23、le the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function is the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the s
24、ervice of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups in inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable e
25、lement of human societies. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle,
26、fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. Th
27、is struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all. Among nations there is competition in developing resourc
28、es, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nat
29、ions is inevitable, although competition is.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some terms in order to_.（分数：2.00）A.argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societiesB.smooth out the conflicts in human societiesC.distinguish between two kinds
30、 of oppositionD.summarize the characteristic features of opposition and cooperation(2).According to the author, competition differs from conflict in that_.（分数：2.00）A.it results in war in most casesB.it induces efforts to expand territoryC.it is a kind of opposition among social entitiesD.it is essen
31、tially a struggle for existence(3).The phrase “function in the disservice of one another“ (Para. 1) most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.betray each otherB.harm one anotherC.help to collaborate with each otherD.benefit one another(4).The author indicates in the passage that conflict_.（分数：2.00）A.is an ine
32、vitable struggle resulting from competitionB.reflects the struggle among social animalsC.is an opposition among individual social entitiesD.can be avoided(5).The passage is probably intended to answer the question“_“.（分数：2.00）A.Is war inevitable?B.Why is there conflict and competition?C.Is conflict
33、desirable?D.Can competition lead to conflict?How efficient is our system of criminal trial? Does it really do the basic job we ask of itconvicting the guilty and acquitting the innocent? It is often said that the British trail system is more like a game than a serious attempt to do justice. The lawy
34、ers on each side are so engrosses in playing hard to win, challenging each other and the judge on technical points, that the object of finding out the truth is almost forgotten. All the effort is concentrated on the big day, on the dramatic cross examination of the key witnesses in front of the jury
35、. Critics like to compare our “adversarial“ system (resembling two adversaries engaged in a contest) with the continental “inquisitorial“ system, under which the judge plays a more important inquiring role. In early times, in the Middle Ages, the systems of trial across Europe were similar. At that
36、time trial by “ordeal“especially a religious eventwas the main way of testing guilt or innocence. When this way eventually abandoned the two systems parted company. On the continent church-trained legal officials took over the function of both prosecuting and judging, while in England these were lar
37、gely left to lay people, the Justice of the Peace and the jurymen who were illiterate and this meant that all the evidence had to be put to them orally. This historical accident dominates procedure even today, with all evidence being given in open court by word of mouth on the crucial day. On the ot
38、her hand, in France for instance, all the evidence is written before the trial under supervision by an investigating judge. This exhaustive pretrial looks very undramatic; much of it is just a public checking of the written records already gathered. The Americans adopted the British system lock, sto
39、ck and barrel and enshrined it in their constitution. But, while the basic features of our systems are common, there are now significant differences in the way serious cases are handled. First, because the U.S.A. has virtually no contempt of court laws to prevent pretrial publicity in the newspaper
40、and on television, Americans lawyers are allowed to question jurors about knowledge and beliefs. In Britain this is virtually never allowed, and a random selection of jurors who are presumed not to be prejudiced are empanelled. Secondly, there is no separate profession of barrister in the United Sta
41、tes, and both prosecution and defense lawyers who are to present cases in court prepare themselves. They go out and visit the scene, track down and interview witnesses, and familiarize themselves personally with the background. In Britain it is the solicitor who prepares the case, and the barrister
42、who appears in court is not even allowed to meet witness beforehand, British barristers also alternate doing both prosecution and defense work. Being kept distant from the preparation and regularly appearing for both sides, barristers are said to avoid becoming too personally involved, and can appro
43、ach cases more dispassionately. American lawyers, however, often know their cases better. Reformers rightly want to learn from other countries mistakes and successes. But what is clear is that justice systems, largely because they are the result of long historical growth, are peculiarly difficult to
44、 adapt piecemeal.（分数：10.00）(1).British trial system is more like a game than a serious attempt to do justice. It implies that_.（分数：2.00）A.the British legal system can do the basic job wellconvicting the guilty and acquitting the innocentB.the British legal system is worse than the continental legal
45、systemC.the British legal system is often considered to be not very fairD.the British legal system is very efficient(2).Which of the following sentences is NOT true?（分数：2.00）A.Oral evidence was unnecessary in France because the judges and prosecutors could read.B.When trial by ordeal was finally aba
46、ndoned throughout Europe, trial by jury was introduced in Britain.C.In the adversarial system, it is the lawyers who play the leading roles.D.Lawyers in Britain are prepared to lie in order to win their cases.(3).In Britain, newspapers_.（分数：2.00）A.do the same as American newspapers doB.are not inter
47、ested in publishing details about the trial before it takes placeC.are not allowed to publish details about the trial before it takes placeD.are allowed to publish details about the trial before it takes place(4).We can infer that American lawyers_.（分数：2.00）A.do not attempt to familiarize themselves
48、 with casesB.prepare the cases themselvesC.tend to be more passionately involved in their casesD.tend to approach cases dispassionately(5).The passage_.（分数：2.00）A.questions whether the system of trial by jury can ever be completely efficientB.suggests a number of reforms which should be made to the legal system of various countriesC.describes how the British legal system works and compares it favourably with other systemsD.compares the legal systems of a number of countries and disc
