1、考研英语 178及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)The human brain can do a lot of wonderful things; many of them include 1 mastery of complex feedback systems with long 2 For example, consider how difficult raising a child truly is. Many factors are 3 , including the nutritional, ph
2、ysical, emotional and mental condition of the child, and the feedback of these factors 4 the behavior of those involved in raising the child. To 5 matters, many of the responses of the child/parent “system“ take years to 6 themselves. Yet billions of parents have somehow 7 to feed, clothe, protect,
3、nurture, heal, teach, and love their children 8 successful adulthood. 9 all our intuitive sophistication in dealing with complicated situations, its a 10 to see how poorly we deal with some newer systems, most of 11 brought about by technology. Both raising children and protecting Earths life-suppor
4、t systems are 12 of life and death; in the long term, they are equally important. But 13 our brains seem fairly well prepared for the long-term process of raising kids, we seem to have 14 built-in skill for taking care of the environment that supports us, any children we might have, and all other 15
5、 . It seems that the “thinking“ parts of our brains cant deal with complicated systems and their long- term 16 ,and the 17 parts of our brains that can deal with complex systems dont help us much outside of their 18 areas. One of the goals of systems science is to use math and computers to help peop
6、le get better 19 taking care of Earths life-support systems. The task involves teaching our thinking brains about 20 complicated systems work. （分数：1.00）(1). The human brain can do a lot of wonderful things; many of them include 1 mastery of complex feedback systems with long 2 For example, consider
7、how difficult raising a child truly is. Many factors are 3 , including the nutritional, physical, emotional and mental condition of the child, and the feedback of these factors 4 the behavior of those involved in raising the child. To 5 matters, many of the responses of the child/parent “system“ tak
8、e years to 6 themselves. Yet billions of parents have somehow 7 to feed, clothe, protect, nurture, heal, teach, and love their children 8 successful adulthood. 9 all our intuitive sophistication in dealing with complicated situations, its a 10 to see how poorly we deal with some newer systems, most
9、of 11 brought about by technology. Both raising children and protecting Earths life-support systems are 12 of life and death; in the long term, they are equally important. But 13 our brains seem fairly well prepared for the long-term process of raising kids, we seem to have 14 built-in skill for tak
10、ing care of the environment that supports us, any children we might have, and all other 15 . It seems that the “thinking“ parts of our brains cant deal with complicated systems and their long- term 16 ,and the 17 parts of our brains that can deal with complex systems dont help us much outside of the
11、ir 18 areas. One of the goals of systems science is to use math and computers to help people get better 19 taking care of Earths life-support systems. The task involves teaching our thinking brains about 20 complicated systems work. （分数：0.05）A.firmB.solidC.latentD.virtualA.intervalsB.delaysC.staysD.
12、periodsA.complicateB.confuseC.contriveD.complementA.uncoverB.betrayC.discloseD.revealA.attemptedB.managedC.inclinedD.succeededA.forB.withC.intoD.beforeA.ByB.OnC.ToD.WithA.surpriseB.wonderC.chaosD.confusionA.thatB.whichC.themD.thoseA.affairsB.issuesC.problemsD.mattersA.whetherB.whenC.whereasD.whereve
13、rA.littleB.poorC.lameD.properA.concernedB.correlatedC.involvedD.incurredA.kidsB.thingsC.lifeD.mankindA.actionsB.effectsC.influencesD.functionsA.insensitiveB.initiativeC.indicativeD.intuitiveA.specializedB.minimizedC.circularizedD.characterizedA.toB.inC.atD.onA.whyB.howC.whenD.whereA.onB.ofC.fromD.wi
14、th二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) interpret its meaning and 3) suggest possible courses to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following
15、cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) interpret its meaning and 3) suggest possible courses to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)The Supreme Court s decisions on p
16、hysician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,“ a centuries-ol
17、d moral principle holding that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseenis permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally iii patien
18、ts pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who“ until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pai
19、n if that might hasten death.“ George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “Its like surgery,“ he
20、says.“ We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctors didnt intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If youre a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you dont intend their suicide.“ On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that t
21、he assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching D
22、eath: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of“ ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying“ as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doc
23、tors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meani
24、ng medical initiatives translate into better care.“ Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,“ to the extent that it constitutes“ systematic patient abuse.“ He says medical licensing boards“ must make it clear, that painful de
25、aths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.“ （分数：1.00）(1).From the first three paragraphs, we learn that（分数：0.20）A.doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients pain.B.it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end thei
26、r lives.C.the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.D.patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.(2). Which of the following statements is true according to the text?（分数：0.20）A.Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients death.B.Modern medicine has assist
27、ed terminally iii patients in painless recovery.C.The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.D.A doctors medication is no longer justified by his intentions.(3).According to the NAS s report, one of the problems in end-of-tire care is（分数：0.20）A.prolonged medical pro
28、cedures.B.inadequate treatment of pain.C.systematic drug abuse.D.insufficient hospital care(4).Which of the following best defines the word“ aggressive“ ( line 3, paragraph 7 ) ?（分数：0.20）A.Bold.B.Harmful.C.Careless.D.Desperate.(5).George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if
29、they（分数：0.20）A.manage their patients incompetently.B.give patients more medicine than needed.C.reduce drug dosages for their patients.D.prolong the needless suffering of the patients.Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales
30、of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real. The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by
31、 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 19781987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this poi
32、nt in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a“ disjunction“ between the mass of business anecdote that points to leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics. Some of this
33、 can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplaceall that reengineering and downsizingare only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in educati
34、on and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much. Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the busin
35、ess restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose. Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bon Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much“ re-engi
36、neering“ has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term
37、 profitability. BBDOs AI Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish“ the worst sort of ambulance-chasing.“ （分数：1.00）(1).According to the author, the American economic situation is _.（分数：0.25）A.not as good as it seemsB.at its turning pointC.muc
38、h better than it seemsD.near to complete recovery(2).The official statistics on productivity growth _.（分数：0.25）A.exclude the usual rebound in a business cycleB.fall short of businessmens anticipationC.meet the expectation of business peopleD.fail to reflect the true state of economy(3).The author ra
39、ises the question“ what about pain without gain?“ Because _.（分数：0.25）A.he questions the truth of “no gain without pain“B.he does not think the productivity revolution worksC.he wonders if the official statistics are misleadingD.he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses(4).Which of the
40、 following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage? _.（分数：0.25）A.Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.B.New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.C.The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.D.The consultants are a
41、bunch of good-for-nothings.As Americas air becomes steadily more contaminated, activities across the nation to cope with smog appear to be lagging further and further behind actual needs despite a rising public clamor for improvement. There has been a considerable progress in the last couple of year
42、s. But the over-all picture is that so many localities havent really come to grips with the air pollution problem that people might be dismayed if they knew how their welfare was being trifled with. Air pollution sources are now hurling more than 140 million tons of contaminants into the atmosphere
43、every year, by Federal estimates. Two years ago it was only 130 million tons. The increase has been caused by many things-more people, more automobiles, more industry, more space heating, little if any reduction that more often than not are inadequate. The adverse health effects of air pollution are
44、 becoming more widely recognized, although specific medical evidence is still fragmentary. As a psychological annoyance, often called an “esthetic“ factor, it translates into decreased property values. In damage to crops and other plants, its cost is reckoned in millions of dollars; in damage to str
45、uctures and materials, in billions. Federal and state pollution control officials report the following highlight of the current situation. States and localities generally still have penalties for air pollution that are little more than a wrist slap (with fines as low as 10). Enforcement is generally
46、 sketchy and weak. And the remedial procedures are so cumbersome that more and more they are being bypassed by simple lawsuits brought by public officials or citizens. Although Federal law has required auto makers to provide vehicles with fume control equipment, few states have done anything to assu
47、re its effectiveness, after a car has left the factory, by providing for regular inspection of the equipment. Public officials in many places still seem to consider bursts of complaints from citizens preferable to complaints they might get from instituting effective air quality programs. Industries
48、and other polluters, such as municipalities, still exert great influence, opposing or weakening regulatory laws and “packing“ regulatory boards with their own spokesmen. Public resentment over air pollution is growing, as is shown by recurring incidents of picketing (设置纠察员) and increasing number of
49、legal actions. The big Federal program to combat air pollution, under way for several years, is proceeding fairly close to schedule. But Federal auto-fume regulations will not be very productive for nearly a decade until around 100 million unregulated, older-generation cars have been replaced on the highways. The part of the Federal effort that deals with stationa
