1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 172 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_School shootings like the one that devastated the s
2、mall German town of Winnenden on 11 March may not just be random acts of violence. A review of similar killings in the US, and of general school aggression, indicates that some schools are more likely than others to be breeding grounds for killers. Schools can“t be blamed for an individual“s actions
3、, but they may be able to reduce the chance of a killer emerging from their gates. The rare nature of school shootings makes them tough to study in a systematic way. But between July 1999 and June 2006 there were eight school shootings in which more than one person was killed in the US alone. Such c
4、ase studies allow researchers to start drawing some parallels . Traci Wike and Mark Fraser at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, reviewed studies of shooting incidents, such as those at Columbine High School, Colorado, in 1999 and at Virginia Tech in 2007, and of general school aggressio
5、n. They identified shared characteristics that might have helped to shape the killers. “Shootings appear more likely in schools characterized by a high degree of social status and low bonding and attachment between teachers and students,“ Wike says. “They provide rewards and recognition for only an
6、elite few, and create social dynamics that promote disrespectful behavior, bullying, and peer harassment.“ Large, academically competitive schools with an obvious “in-group“ are at greatest risk, she adds. The level of attachment that pupils feel towards a school may also affect displays of violence
7、. “No shooting has involved a student who was attached and committed to school,“ Wike says. Of course, personal factors can“t be ignoredand may be more important than environmental ones. Tim Kretschmer, who killed 15 people last week at Winnenden before turning the gun on himself, displayed many of
8、the characteristics associated with other school shooters, such as anger at a girl, a fascination with violent video games and access to guns. But that doesn“t mean schools can“t play a role in reducing the alienation and hostility that seem to push such individuals over the edge. Tackling feelings
9、of isolation in schools might work better than trying to pick out “the tiny handful of kids who are going to take a gun and massacre their peers“, says Catherine Bradshaw of Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Health in Baltimore, Maryland. In the US at least, school shootings seem to be declining. Ac
10、cording to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the number of school associated murders fell between 1992 and 2006, while multiple-victim homicides by students have been stable since 1992, with a small peak in the late 1990s.（分数：10.00）(1).In the opening paragraph, the author introduces
11、 his topic by（分数：2.00）A.posing a contrast.B.justifying an assumptionC.making a comparison.D.citing an example.(2).The author holds in Paragraph 1 that（分数：2.00）A.school shootings are arranged on purpose.B.schools are unable to build a secure environmentC.schools should do something as regards to scho
12、ol violence.D.teens killers are shaped through inappropriate education.(3).What does the author mean by “draw some parallels“(Last line, Paragraph 2)?（分数：2.00）A.Study in a methodical wayB.Make some comparisons.C.Make the final decisions.D.Research in a profound way.(4).According to Traci Wike and Ma
13、rk Fraser,（分数：2.00）A.killers are often from families of lower social status.B.attachment to schools may affect an individual.C.recognition for each student may result in peer harassment.D.displays of violence are the consequences of bullying.(5).Which of the following is true of the text?（分数：2.00）A.
14、Personal factors are not as important and controllable as environmental ones.B.Schools can“t play a role in combating the hostility which urges individuals.C.Feelings of isolation might be one of the reasons for peer massacre.D.Schools have to observe cautiously those students who are likely to beco
15、me killers.“What“s tile difference between God and Larry Ellison?“ asks an old software industry joke. Answer God doesn“t think he“s Larry Ellison. The boss of Oracle is hardly alone among corporate chiefs in having a reputation for being rather keen on himself. Indeed, until the bubble burst and th
16、e public turned nasty at the start of the decade, the worship of the celebrity chief executive seemed to demand bossly narcissism, as evidence that a firm was being led by an all-conquering hero. Narcissus met a nasty end, of course. And in recent years, boss-worship has come to be seen as bad for b
17、usiness. In his management bestseller, “Good to Great“, Jim Collins argued that the truly successful bosses were not the self-proclaimed stars who adorn the covers of Forbes and Fortune, but instead self-effacing, thoughtful sorts who lead by inspiring example. A statistical answer may be at hand. F
18、or the first time, a new study, “It“s All About Me“, to be presented next week at the annual gathering of the American Academy of Management, offers a systematic, empirical analysis of what effect narcissistic bosses have on the firms they run. The authors, Arijit Chatterjee and Donald Hambrick, of
19、Pennsylvania State University, examined narcissism in the upper rank of 105 firms in the computer and software industries. To do this, they had to solve a practical problem: studies of narcissism have relied on surveying individuals personally, something for which few chief executives are likely to
20、have time or inclination. So the authors devised an index of narcissism using six publicly available indicators obtainable without the co-operation of the boss. These are: the prominence of the boss“s photo in the annual report; his prominence in company press releases; the length of his “Who“s Who“
21、 entry; the frequency of his use of the first person singular in interviews; and the ratios of his cash and non-cash compensation to those of the firm“s second-highest paid executive. Narcissism naturally drives people to seek positions of power and influence, and because great self-esteem helps you
22、r professional advance, say the authors, chief executives will tend on average to be more narcissistic than the general population. Messrs Chatterjee and Hambrick found that highly narcissistic bosses tended to make bigger changes in the use of important resources, such as research and development,
23、or in spending; they carried out more and bigger mergers and acquisitions; and their results were both more extreme(more big wins or big losses)and more unstable than those of firms run by their humbler peers.（分数：10.00）(1).Larry Ellison is mentioned in the first paragraph to show that（分数：2.00）A.some
24、 corporate chiefs like to compare themselves to God.B.many corporate chiefs are notorious for being selfish.C.egotism of a boss is fundamental to the success of a firm.D.a boss“ narcissism might have an effect on his business.(2).The statement “Narcissus met a nasty end“(Line 1, Paragraph 2)implies
25、that（分数：2.00）A.selfishness of a boss will be subject to public criticism.B.egotism of chief executives may lead to undesirable consequences.C.a self-centered boss is always troubled with business disasters.D.boss-worship will result in self-asserted leaders.(3).The study “It“s All About Me“ is desig
26、ned to（分数：2.00）A.offer all-encompassing answers to the American Academy of Management.B.analyze the effect of selfishness on a boss as well as company employees.C.explore the relationship between a boss“ character and business performance.D.test whether narcissism should be valued in the computer in
27、dustry.(4).In paragraph 4, the author discusses（分数：2.00）A.six indicators that might reveal a boss“ narcissism.B.the reason why a boss might be unwilling to be surveyed.C.how to use an index of narcissism to conduct surveys.D.a way of improving survey results in the studies of narcissism.(5).From the
28、 text we can conclude that the author thinks（分数：2.00）A.great self-esteem is the prime source of narcissism.B.chief executives are more likely to become self-absorbed.C.narcissism drives a boss to take less but larger risks.D.the humbler the boss is, the easier his management might be.How long you li
29、ve has a lot to do with your environment and lifestyle, but exceptional longevity may have even more to do with your genes. For the first time, researchers have identified a genetic recipe that accurately predicts who may live to 100 and beyond. Scientists led by Dr. Thomas Perls at the Boston Unive
30、rsity School of Medicine conducted a genetic analysis of more than 1,000 centenarians and their matched controls and found 150 genetic variantsor bits of DNAthat differed between the two groups. These variants identified people who lived to a very old age(past 100)with 77% accuracy, researchers foun
31、d. Further analysis identified 19 distinct genetic profiles associated with extremely long life; 90% of participants who lived to 100 possessed at least one of the signature genetic clusters. Each profile appeared to confer a different tendency to develop common age-related chronic diseases, such as
32、 heart disease or brain disorder. “We realize this is a complex genetic puzzle,“ Perls said. “We“re quite a ways away still in understanding how the integration of these genesnot just with themselves but with environmental factorsare playing a role in this longevity puzzle.“ Perls has studied many f
33、actors that contribute to longevity, and he is the first to acknowledge that living longer isn“t likely to be simply a matter of genes. His previous work has shown, for example, that among most elderly people who live into their 70s and 80s, about 70% of their longevity can be ascribed to environmen
34、tal factors such as not smoking; eating a healthy, low-fat, low-calorie diet; and remaining socially engaged and intellectually active throughout life. Still, it seems clear that those who live to an exceptionally ripe old age are benefiting from a special DNA boost. In fact, Perls believes that the
35、 older a person gets, the more likely it is that his or her genes are contributing to those extended years. His current genetic findings support that theory, the 19 most common genetic profiles that distinguished the exceptionally long-lived appear to be correlated with lower incidence of certain di
36、seases. For example, some profiles were associated with lower rates of high blood pressure and diabetes, while another was linked to a reduced risk of brain disorder. Although most of us can“t expect to become centenarians, Perls is hoping that his work will lead to better waysperhaps through pharma
37、ceutical interventions based on the genetic clues to longevityto help more of us live like them.（分数：10.00）(1).By analysing the genes of centenarians, scientists found that（分数：2.00）A.environment and lifestyle contribute much to longevity.B.centenarians“ genes are the same as other people.C.many genet
38、ic variants may identify centenarians.D.19 genetic profiles of centenarians are different from others.(2).Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 2?（分数：2.00）A.Chronic diseases are complex genetic puzzles to scientists.B.How exceptional longevity-related genes function is known.C.Most c
39、entenarians have exceptional longevity-related genes.D.The integration of genes and environmental factors is important.(3).Perls may most likely agree that（分数：2.00）A.most extremely long-lived benefit from not smoking.B.environmental factors play an important role in longevity.C.longevity is only ass
40、ociated with certain genetic profiles.D.intellectually active has nothing to do with living an old age.(4).By referring to current genetic findings of Perls, the author intends to（分数：2.00）A.support the idea that extremely longevity are ascribed to genes.B.show some genes are associated with lower ra
41、tes of certain diseases.C.support the idea that common genes are related to extremely longevity.D.discuss the relationship between genes and certain diseases.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for this text?（分数：2.00）A.Genes, the Secret of LongevityB.Environment and GenesC.Lifestyle a
42、nd GenesD.Genes May Predict Who Lives to 100In response to scandals rocking the student loan industry, the House has quickly passed reform legislation to require more disclosure from lenders as well as university codes of conduct, and Senate action is expected. But the larger issues of rising colleg
43、e costs and students“ increasing dependence on private loans have, for the moment at least, taken a back seat. Yet that doesn“t mean they“ve gone away. College costs have risen far faster than inflation and also outpaced the growth of grant aid and federal loans. Pell grants, for example, which prov
44、ide money to low-income students, covered nearly 60 percent of the cost of attending a public four-year school in 1986, but by 2005, their value had dropped to 33 percent of the cost, according to the College Board. As a result, more students must turn to costly private loans to finance their educat
45、ion or not go at all. The cost of information technology, the increasing salaries of tenured professors, and even federal loans themselves have all been blamed for college tuition hikes. On the last point, an analysis by the Cato Institute suggests that when aid is provided by the federal government
46、, states and universities reduce their own efforts to make college affordable. Whatever the causes, the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance, an independent committee created by Congress, estimates that 400,000 students who are qualified to attend a four-year college don“t do so each y
47、ear because of financial restrictions. The committee estimates that roughly 40 percent of this group does not attend college at all, which significantly limits future earnings. Many students who do go to college face daunting piles of debt. The College Board estimates that the median debt level of b
48、achelor“s degree recipients was $19,300 in the 2003-04 school year. In his fiscal 2008 budget, President Bush proposed increasing the maximum Pell grant award to $5,400 by 2012 from $4,050 today, a change he would pay for with cuts in other loan programs. Even though the scandals are dominating most
49、 of the current discussions on Capitol Hill, some education experts praise the fact that student loans are getting any attention at all. Stephen Burd, a senior research fellow at the New America Foundation, says, “This is the first time everyone is dealing with the reality of the fact that private loans have become essential financing for undergraduates.“（分数：10.00）(1).The reform legislation might result in（分数：2.
