1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 483 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part B（分数：10.00）_Smoking, inhalation and exhalation of the fumes of burning tobacco. Leaves of the tobacco plant are smoked in various ways. After a drying and curing proce
2、ss, they may be rolled into cigars or shredded for insertion into smoking pipes. Cigarettes, the most popular method of smoking, consist of finely shredded tobacco rolled in lightweight paper. About 50 million people in the United States currently smoke an estimated total of 570 billion cigarettes e
3、ach year. But, is smoking a good habit? 1. Increased risk of cancer Some experts noticed that lung cancer, which was rare before the 20th century, had increased dramatically since about 1930, The American Cancer Society and other organizations initiated studies comparing deaths among smokers and non
4、smokers over a period of several years. 2. More deaths from other diseases Smokers also run greater risk of dying from diseases apart from cancers. 3. Cigar and pipe smoke, as dangerous Cigar and pipe smoke contains the same toxic and carcinogenic compounds found in cigarette smoke. 4. The effect of
5、 environmental tobacco smoke Recent research has focused on the effects of environmental tobacco smoke(ETS), that is, the effect of tobacco smoke on nonsmokers who must share the same environment with a smoker. 5. Addiction at an early age The smoking habit and addiction to nicotine usually begins a
6、t an early age. This has led to particular concern over smoking in teenagers and young adults. There is no need to kill innocent human beings. Restricting tobacco use may be the only answer to a healthy world. Tobacco is harmful not only to us, but to the people in surrounding areas. Tobacco use has
7、 been passed on from generation to generation. It is now time to put a ban on smoking. With the help of thousands of people, smoking can be controlled. Now it is the time to start a tobacco battle. Smoking needs to become extinct worldwide. AA report by the National Cancer Institute concluded that t
8、he mortality rates from cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx, pharynx, and esophagus are approximately equal in users of cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. Rates of coronary heart disease, lung cancer, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis are elevated for cigar and pipe smokers and are correlated to the amo
9、unt of smoking and the degree of inhalation. BIn the United States, more than 70 percent of adults began smoking before the age of 18. From the early to mid-1990s the proportion of teenage smokers in the United States rose from one-quarter to one third, despite increasing warnings about the health h
10、azards of smoking and widespread bans on smoking in public places. In 2001 surveys of students in grades 9 through 12 found that more than 38 percent of male students and nearly 30 percent of female students smoke. Although black teenagers have the lowest smoking rates of any racial group, cigarette
11、 smoking among black teens increased 80 percent in the late 1990s. CIt is estimated that cigarettes are responsible for about 431, 000 deaths in the United States each year. Lung cancer accounts for about 30 percent of all cancer deaths in the United States, and smoking accounts for nearly 90 percen
12、t of lung cancer deaths. The risks of dying from lung cancer are 23 times higher for male smokers and 13 times higher for female smokers than nonsmokers. Additionally, smokers are at increased risk for cancer of the larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas. DResearch has shown t
13、hat mothers who smoke give birth more frequently to premature or underweight babies, probably because of a decrease in blood flow to the placenta. EThe United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)estimates that exposure to the environment that contains all the toxic agents exhaled by a smoker,
14、 causes 3, 000 cancer deaths and an estimated 40, 000 deaths from heart disease per year in nonsmokers. Secondhand smoke can aggravate asthma, pneumonia , bronchitis, and impaired blood circulation. FSmoking causes a fivefold increase in the risk of dying from chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and a
15、 twofold increase in deaths from diseases of the heart and coronary arteries. Smoking also increases the risk of stroke by 50 percent40 percent among men and 60 percent among women.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_Have you ever considered what makes a good boss good? The answer to that q
16、uestion is admittedly mercurial, as one persons view of a top-notch employer will differ from somebody elses. However, there are a number of traits, attitudes and abilities that are common to all good bosses. Moreover , the need for solid leadership skills is especially telling with smaller business
17、es. “Being a good boss is important in any organization, but its particularly important for small business“, says Rob Sheehan, director of executive education at the James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership at the University of Maryland. “With smaller businesses, you really have the opportunity t
18、o set the tone for the entire company.“ Bearing in mind the importance of good leadership to business, consider the following lineup of skills, strategies and attributes: 1. Be inclusive With a smaller operation, its essential that everyone feels like an equal and involved part of the team. A good e
19、mployer is certain to treat each employee fairly, not only in terms of salary and other forms of compensation, but also in how that employee is involved in the daily function of the business. Encourage feedback, innovation and creativity so employees feel genuinely engaged. 2. Mission, not just mone
20、y Very few businesses operate out of sheer altruism, but thats not to say that turning a profit is the primary philosophical and practical focus. Rather, an effective boss establishes a genuine business mission. How that takes shape depends both on the business and on the overriding focus the boss w
21、ants to set. 3. Nothing to fear but fear itself Many of us have had bosses who would be right at home with a knife next to their desk calendars. Make one mistake on the job and feel free to slip your head right in beneath the blade. Conversely, an effective boss encourages his or her employees not t
22、o be gun shy about occasional chaos along the road toward better job performance. 4. It s their careers, too Dont forget that the people who work for you are looking to you to help them navigate and advance their careers. As I said, its not all about money. But it is all about making your employees
23、see how to improve and create meaningful careers for themselves. 5. Made, not necessarily born One final aspect of being a good boss is recognizing that much of what goes into being an effective leader is, in fact, learned behavior. Of course, there always have been and will be bosses who seem to ha
24、ve a flawless touch in leading and motivating. But for every natural, there are just as many top-flight bosses who got that way by attending management classes and seminars, reading books on effective leadership and, just as important, understanding that a good employer naturally attracts first-rate
25、 employees. A“Its important to use that different perspective to educate and encourage. But its also important, like a good coach, to lead your team by example. For instance, while you should point out mistakes by your employees, be sure to admit when you yourself make a mistake, “ says Sheehan. B“Y
26、ou need to create an environment of integrity, trust and respect to make absolutely certain that everyone is treated fairly, regardless of the differences they may have, “ says Sheehan. C“People can definitely develop good leadership capabilities, “ says Sheehan. “To a certain degree, we all have in
27、nate traits that make us good bosses. All you really have to do is work to develop those traits to their utmost.“ DIf an employee has a goal of becoming a manager or running his or her own business someday, nurture that goal. Tell them the traits they need to work on to achieve their ultimate plans.
28、 EFor instance, a restaurant owner may push speedy lunchtime service as a way of serving the time-strapped business community. By contrast, a medical supply outfit may emphasize how its products improve customers health. Not only can a clear mission(responsibility)serve to motivate employees, it can
29、 also infuse a sense of importance in their jobs. F“This requires a mentality that encourages learning rather than being afraid of making a mistake. Try something new and different, but know were not going to kill each other if things dont work out, “ says Sheehan. “I was a swimmer in college and I
30、swam fast when I imagined a shark was after me. I swam just as fast when I imagined I was in the Olympics. Its a question of what you want to focus on.“（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_C.P. Snow once said: “A sense of the future is behind all good policies. Unless we have it, we can give
31、 nothing either wise or decent to the world.“ Thinking carefully about an outcome is an intelligent first step in many processes, especially when the stakes are high, possibly even dangerous. Do you have any experience in getting out of hazardous situations? In the most exceptional circumstances, a
32、few good rules of thumb may save you. Here are five things to keep in mind. 1. Stay calm If a catastrophe threatens your life, panic will only make matters worse. Nothing but calmness can help you adequately take stock of the situation and take appropriate measures. 2. Remain confident Desperation c
33、an paralyze you or sap your energy, while confidence is the key to saving yourself. 3. Help each other You should organize for mutual assistance in case of an earthquake, flood, fire, etc. People working together can always cope more successfully with any adverse situation. Solidarity means strength
34、: solidarity means victory. 4. Be obedient to superiors The best strategy when facing a catastrophe is to obey commands and keep order. More often than not, leaders are experts, or someone familiar with the situation or with rich experience. Being too individualistic and going your own way will usua
35、lly make the situation worse for you and others. So, the best thing to do is to listen:to authorities and remain orderly. 5. Communicate When in danger it is best to seek help immediately so those with more resources can come to your aid. If you are at risk, use whatever means available as soon as p
36、ossible to contact others for help, and take efforts to maintain communication once it is established. While every catastrophe is different in its own way, all can be met and hopefully overcome with the above-mentioned pieces of advice. By carefully considering what needs to be done, even under the
37、worst of situations, one can find solutions, or endure until aided by others. AA person trapped in ruins in an earthquake, didnt lose hope. The victim overcame his pain and despair, and kept banging out signals on the fallen wall around him for help. Because of his efforts, a rescue team was able to
38、 find him and save his life. BFor example, if numerous people are involved in a dangerous situation, some, out of fear or inclination, may not follow direction or heed sound advice. As a result of the disorder, rescue efforts are hindered , or worse more casualties are incurred. CNine fishermen from
39、 Peru were hit by a severe storm, but they didn t panic even though their boat was damaged so badly that they couldnt sail home. They maintained faith that they would surely to be saved, and their belief gave them strength. When there is hope, there is a way! They survived at sea for 40 days before
40、they were finally rescued. Their story is a good sample for future people lost at sea. It is best to remember the proverb: God helps those who help themselves. DHistory shows that when people are in danger mutual assistance promotes confidence, and reassuring others not only helps them, but can calm
41、 you as well. Helping others is beneficial, especially in the direst circumstances. During the Sept. 11 attacks in America, people pulled together and supported each other. This not only reduced casualties, but also left a deep impression on people around world. Remember, helping others is helping y
42、ourself! EThe Apollo 13 space mission suffered catastrophic mechanical problems en route to the Moon. Its malfunction was caused by an explosion and rupture of oxygen tank No. 2 in the service module. The NASA Mission Control Center immediately issued two orders. The second order was concerning navi
43、gation. But, can you guess what the first order was? Unbelievably, the astronauts were told to take two tranquillizer pills each! As a result, calmness helped the astronauts overcome a series of difficulties and return to earth. Calmness can work miracles in times of emergency. FThe best way to prev
44、ent a catastrophe from happening is planning ahead. You should often check your circuits, stoves, electrical appliances and gas pipelines. Before sleeping in a hotel, you should be aware of the nearest exit in case of an emergency. “Preparation averts peril.“（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项
45、 1:_For a society to exist, it must have a system of leadership. Some people will have to have power over others. As Max Weber pointed out, however, people can perceive power as legitimate or illegitimate. Weber used the term authority to refer to legitimate power that is, power that people accept a
46、s right. In contrast, illegitimate power, coercion, is power that people do not accept as just. 1. Custom and authority Throughout the worlds history, the most common form of authority has been traditional. Traditional authority, which is based on custom, is the hallmark of preliterate groups. In th
47、ese societies, custom dictates basic relationships. 2. Traditional gender difference Gender relations in preliterate groups are also based on traditional authority. The divisions between men and women are based on the past, with custom determining that a gulf should be maintained between them. Custo
48、m also dictates the specifics of their relationships. 3. Change of tradition When traditional society changes, traditional authority is undermined. 4. Tradition in modern society Even in industrial and postindustrial societies, however, traditional authority never totally dies out. 5. Challenges to tradition This traditional authority, unquestioned in most places in the world, has not gone completely challeng
