1、中国矿业大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题 2010 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Part One Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)More than 600 million girls live in poverty in the developing world. Many of them are 1 in school and are not given the same opportunities 2 boys. New programs are aimed 3 helping girls and their families succeed.
2、The unequal treatment of 4 is a big problem in many parts of the globe. But a new campaign hopes to show that girls can be the solution 5 ending poverty, disease and other global issues. Its called the “girl effect“. According to the girl effect theory, one girl can make a positive change in the wor
3、ld, as 6 as shes given a chance to succeed. An extra year of secondary school can boost a girls earnings 7 as much as 25%. If the 600 million girls in the developing world who live in poverty increased their earnings, 8 could lift the world economy. Studies show that women are 9 likely than men to s
4、pend their paychecks 10 their families. With women working, children are more likely to stay in school, be better fed and be healthier.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、Part Two Reading Co(总题数：5，分数：40.00)Passage 1 Many private institutions of higher ed
5、ucation around the country are in danger. Not all will be saved, and perhaps not all deserve to be saved. There are low-quality schools just as there are low-quality businesses. We have no obligation to save them simply because they exist. But many thriving institutions that deserve to continue are
6、threatened. They are doing a fine job educationally, but they are caught in a financial squeeze, with no way to reduce rising cost or increase revenues significantly. Raising tuition doesnt bring in more revenue, for each time tuition goes up, the enrollment goes down, or the amount that must be giv
7、en away in student aid goes up. Schools are bad businesses, whether public or private, not usually because of mismanagement but because of the nature of the enterprise. They lose money on every customer, and they can go bankrupt either om too few students or too many students. Even a very good colle
8、ge is a very bad business. It is such colleges, thriving but threatened, I worry about low enrollment is not their chief problem. Even with full enrollments, they may go under. Effects to save them and preferably to keep them private, are national necessities. There is no basis for arguing that priv
9、ate schools are inherently better than public schools. Examples to the contrary abound. Anyone can name state universities and colleges that rank as the finest in the nation and the world. It is now inevitable that public institutions will be dominant, and therefore diversity is a national necessity
10、. Diversity in the way we support schools tends to give us a healthy diversity in the forms of education. In an imperfect society such as ours, uniformity of education throughout the nation could be dangerous. In an imperfect society, diversity is a positive good. Ardent supporters of public higher
11、education know the importance of sustaining private higher education. （分数：8.00）(1).In the authors opinion, schools are bad business because of_ （分数：2.00）A.MismanagementB.too few studentsC.too many studentsD.the nature of schools(2).The author used the phrase “go under“ in the third paragraph to mean
12、_ （分数：2.00）A.get into difficultiesB.have low enrollmentC.have low tuitionD.bring in more money(3).We can reasonably conclude from the passage that the author made an appeal to the public in order to support_ （分数：2.00）A.public institutionsB.private schoolsC.uniformity of educationD.equality of educat
13、ion(4).Which of the following is not mentioned? （分数：2.00）A.High-quality private schools deserve to be saved.B.If the tuition is raised, the enrollment goes down.C.There are many cases that public schools are better than private schools.D.Private schools have more money than public schools.Passage 2
14、If we were asked exactly what we were doing a year ago, we should probably have to say that we could not remember. But if we had kept a book and had written in it an account of what we did each day, we should be able to give an answer to the question. It is the same on history. Many things have been
15、 forgotten because we do not have any written account of them. Sometimes men did keep a record of the most important happenings in their country, but often it was destroyed by fire or in a war. Sometimes there was never any written record at all because people of that time and place did not know how
16、 to write. For example, we know a good deal about the people who lived in China 4,000 years ago, because they could write and leave written records for those who lived after them. But we know almost nothing about the people who lived even 200 years ago in central Africa, because they had not learned
17、 to write. Sometimes, of course, even if the people cannot write, they may know something of the past. They have heard about it from older people, and often songs and dances and stories have been made about the most important happenings, and these have been sung and acted and told for many generatio
18、ns. For most people are proud to tell what their fathers did in the past. This we may call “remembered history.“ Some of it has now been written down. It is not so exact or so valuable to us as written history is, because words are much more easily changed when used again and again in speech than wh
19、en copied in writing. But where there are no written records, such spoken stories are often very helpful. （分数：8.00）(1).Which of the following ideas is not conveyed in the passage? （分数：2.00）A.“Remembered history“, compared with written history, is less reliable.B.Written records of the past plays an
20、important role in learning human history.C.A written account of our daily activities helps us to answer some questions.D.Where there are no written records, there is no history.(2).“Remembered history“ (in the third paragraph) refers to_ （分数：2.00）A.history based on a persons imaginationB.stories of
21、important happenings passed down from mouth to mouthC.songs and dances about the most important eventsD.both B and C(3).“Remembered history“ is regarded as valuable only when_ （分数：2.00）A.it is written downB.no written account is availableC.it proves to be trueD.people are interested in it(4).It can
22、be inferred from the passage that we could have learned much more about our past than we do now if our ancestors had_ （分数：2.00）A.kept a written record of every past eventB.not burnt their written records in warsC.told exact stories of the most important happeningsD.made more songs and dancesPassage
23、3 Franklins life is full of charming stories which all young men should know-how he peddled ballads in Boston, and stood, the guest of kings, in Europe; how he worked his passage as a stowaway to Philadelphia, and rode in the Queens own litter in France; how he walked the streets of Philadelphia, ho
24、meless and unknown, with three penny rolls for his breakfast, and dined at the tables of princess, and received his friends in a palace; how he raised a kite from a cow shed, and was showered with all the high degrees the colleges of the world could give; how he was duped by a false friend as a boy,
25、 and became the friend of all humanity as a man; how he was made Major General Franklin, only to resign because, as he said, he was no soldier, and yet helped to organize the army that stood before the trained troops of England and Germany. This poor Boston boy, with scarcely a days schooling, becam
26、e master of six languages and never stopped studying; this neglected apprentice tamed the lightning, made his name famous, received degrees and diplomas from colleges in both hemispheres, and became forever remembered as “Doctor Franklin“, philosopher, patriot, scientist, philanthropist and statesma
27、n. Self-made, self-taught, self-reared, the candle makers son gave light to all the world; the street ballad seller set all men singing of liberty; the runaway apprentice became the most sought-after man of two continents and brought his native land to praise and honor him. He built American- for wh
28、at our Republic is today is largely due to the prudence, the forethought, the statesmanship, the enterprise, the wisdom, and the ability of Benjamin Franklin. He belongs to the world, but especially does he belong to America. As the nation honored him while living, so the Republic glorifies him when
29、 dead, and has enshrined him in the choicest of its niches-the one he regarded as the loftiest- the hearts of the common people, from whom he had sprung and in their hearts Franklin will live forever. （分数：8.00）(1).What is Benjamin Franklin? （分数：2.00）A.Doctor and scientistB.Philanthropist and linguis
30、tC.Statesman and artistD.Philosopher and professor.(2).Franklin made all the following contributions except_ （分数：2.00）A.helping draft the declaration of IndependenceB.making kite experiment to show the identity of lightening and electricityC.helping organize the powerful American armyD.developing th
31、e candle making industry(3).For what purpose does the author adopt repeatedly “how. and.“ structure in the first paragraph? （分数：2.00）A.To show Franklins sad experience at his early age.B.To show Franklin as a man of contrast.C.To show Franklins spirit of enterprise.D.To show the development of Frank
32、lins career.(4).Which of the following adjectives can be used to describe the authors feeling towards Franklin? （分数：2.00）A.JealousB.EmotionlessC.FlatteringD.Admiring.Passage 4 Despite the fact that today virus are known to cause cancer in animals and in plants, there exists a great reluctance to acc
33、ept viruses as being of importance in human cancer. Basic biological phenomena generally do not differ strikingly as one goes from one species to another. It should be recognized that cancer is a biological problem and not a problem that is unique for man. Cancer originates when a normal cell sudden
34、ly becomes a cancer which multiplies widely and without apparent restraint. Cancer may originate in many different kinds of cell, but the cancer cell usually continues to carry certain traits of the cell of origin. The transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell may have more than one kind of
35、 cause, but there is good reason to consider the relationships that exist between viruses and cancer. Since there is no evidence that human cancer, as generally experienced, is infectious, many persons believe that because viruses are infectious agents they cannot possibly be of importance in human
36、cancer. However, viruses can mutate and examples are known in which a virus that never kills its host can mutate to form a new strain of virus that always kills its host. It does not seem unreasonable to assume that an innocuous latent virus might mutate to form a strain that causes cancer. Certainl
37、y the experimental evidence now available is consistent with the idea that viruses as we know them today could be the causative agents of most, if not all cancer, including cancer in man. （分数：8.00）(1).According to the passage, which is NOT true? （分数：2.00）A.Viruses are known to cause cancer in animal
38、s and in plants.B.Many people dont believe that viruses cause human cancer.C.Bioloigical phenomena dont change much in animals and plants.D.Cancer may originate in certain kinds of cells.(2).According to the passage, which is true? （分数：2.00）A.The transformation of a cell into a cancer has just one r
39、eason.B.There is no relationship between viruses and cancers.C.Viruses can mutate in some cases.D.Viruses are not contagious.(3).It is possible that viruses cause human cancer because_ （分数：2.00）A.Human cancer is infectious.B.Human cancer has more than one kind of cause.C.Man is host to many viruses.
40、D.Viruses can mutate.(4).What is the passage mainly about? （分数：2.00）A.Viruses are the causative agents of most cancer.B.How and why viruses mutate.C.Basic biological phenomena in plants, animals and man.D.Why the human cancer is not infectious.Passage 5 Bird wings have a much more complex job to do
41、than wings of an airplane, for in addition to supporting the bird they must act as its engine, rowing it through the air. Even so the wing outline of a bird conforms to the same aerodynamic principles as those eventually discovered by people when designing airplanes, and if you know how different ki
42、nd of aircraft perform, you can predict the flight capabilities of similarly shaped birds. Short, stubby wings enable a tanager and other forest-living to swerve and dodge at speed through the undergrowth, just as they helped the fighter planes of the Second Word War to make tight turns and acrobati
43、c maneuvers in a dog-fight. More modern fighters achieve greater speeds by sweeping back their wings while in flight, just as peregrines do when they go into a 130 kph dive, swooping to a kill. Championship gliders have long, thin wings so that, having gained height in a thermal up-current they can
44、soar gently down for hours and an albatross, the largest of flying birds, with a similar wing shape and a span of 3 meters, can patrol the ocean for hours in the same way without a single wing beat. Vultures and hawks circle at very slow speeds supported by a thermal and they have the broad rectangu
45、lar wings that very slow-flying aircraft have. People have not been able to adapt wings to provide hovering flight. That has only been achieved with the whirling, horizontal blades of a helicopter or the downward-pointing engines of a vertical landing jet. Hummingbirds have paralleled even this. The
46、y tilt their bodies so that they are almost upright and then beat their wings as fast as 80 times a second producing a similar downdraft of air. So the hummingbird can hover and even fly backwards. （分数：8.00）(1).Which of the following is not true according to the passage? （分数：2.00）A.Bird wings have t
47、o support the bird.B.Bird wings must act as the birds engine.C.Airplanes wings must act as the airplanes engine.D.Similar wing shapes in aircraft and birds produce similar flight capabilities.(2).Modern fighter planes can be compared to_in the way they move. （分数：2.00）A.tanagersB.hawksC.peregrinesD.h
48、ummingbirds(3).Why can the hummingbird can hover and even fly backwards? （分数：2.00）A.Because its wings are large enough.B.Because it can tilt its body.C.Because it has whirling and horizontal blades like a helicopter.D.Because it can produce down-draft of air by beating their wings very fast.(4).What
49、s the main idea of the passage? （分数：2.00）A.Bird wings are more complex than airplane wings.B.People design airplane by looking at the wing shapes of birds.C.How we can make the airplane wings more efficient.D.The wings of birds and airplanes conform to the same aerodynamic principles.三、Part Three Vocabula(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.Future agriculture should depend on h
