1、中国科学院考博英语-试卷 31 及答案解析(总分：162.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.In swimming it is necessary to_the movement of the arms and legs.（分数：2.00）A.coordinateB.harmonizeC.collaborateD.mediate2.Beijings private cars will be banned from the roads_for one day a week during a six-month trial
2、 period.（分数：2.00）A.incidentallyB.occasionallyC.randomlyD.alternately3.Joe puts too much_on pills from the drugstore and does not listen to his doctor.（分数：2.00）A.applianceB.defianceC.relianceD.compliance4.Among 169 cases, the smokers_85. 79% , and the ratio between males and females is 3. 7 to 1.（分数：
3、2.00）A.answer forB.account forC.take upD.sum up5._inflation, driven by rising food and oil costs, is striking hardest at the worlds very poor, who are forced to spend 60 to 80 percent of their income on food.（分数：2.00）A.SurgingB.SproutingC.SpillingD.Spinning6.Because the workers were new and inexperi
4、enced, the manager had to watch them and_ their work closely.（分数：2.00）A.attendB.demandC.analyzeD.supervise7.The department store guards were nearly_by the crowds of shoppers waiting for the sale to begin.（分数：2.00）A.overflowedB.overthrownC.overturnedD.overwhelmed8.All bad things are interconnected, a
5、nd any one of them is_to be the cause of any other.（分数：2.00）A.subjectB.inferiorC.liableD.vulnerable9.Teachers have the authority to discipline pupils_their position as a teacher.（分数：2.00）A.by way ofB.by virtue ofC.in light ofD.in spite of10.You can then eliminate all_the genuinely suitable applicant
6、s without having to interview an enormous number of people in person.（分数：2.00）A.ofB.thatC.forD.but11.Debt and the destruction of war have brought major economic setbacks,_damage to social services and human suffering.（分数：2.00）A.apart fromB.as good asC.except forD.rather than12.On the whole its a goo
7、d book; and it would be unwise to_those small defects.（分数：2.00）A.dwell onB.identify withC.persist inD.hack into13.The main objective reason is that some developed countries_from the basic principle of anti-dumping and take the Anti-dumping Law as a tool for trade protection.（分数：2.00）A.deriveB.deviat
8、eC.refrainD.exempt14.While big corporations_global business news, small companies are charging into overseas markets at a faster pace.（分数：2.00）A.overtakeB.occupyC.dominateD.reflect15.He used to_ his parents to help with the expenses.（分数：2.00）A.count onB.take inC.look intoD.get over16.I was embarrass
9、ed when the_test paper my teacher spoke about turned out to be mine. I had forgotten to put my name on it.（分数：2.00）A.markedB.brandedC.anonymousD.fictitious17.We_our voice depending on the circumstances, particularly in relationship to background noise.（分数：2.00）A.improveB.modulateC.rectifyD.temper18.
10、Im far from certain that this group is going to be able to_ what is necessary to gain complete control.（分数：2.00）A.carry outB.tear downC.break outD.close down19.I was lucky because I had turned my back on_, pursuing instead common-sense reality.（分数：2.00）A.illustrationB.illusionC.imaginationD.imitatio
11、n20.Excessive _ in sweets and canned drinks and the lack of availability of fresh fruit and vegetables in the house can teach poor eating patterns.（分数：2.00）A.aspirationB.intoleranceC.exposureD.indulgence二、Cloze(总题数：1，分数：30.00)Adolescents are taking longer to become fully productive members of societ
12、y, Reed Larson, professor of human development, University of Illinois, Champaign, told the World Future Society, Bethesda, Md. “What we expect of young people is【C1】_,“ he argued. They must go to school for 12 years or longer without any【C2】_that their education will mean career success or relevanc
13、e when they become adults. 【C3】_they do so without financial rewards, accept an identity【C4】_by society, and delay starting a family, all of【C5】_keeps adolescents in a kind of indeterminate state for years. Larson says that “There should be way stations along the climb【C6】_adulthood that allow young
14、 people to rest, gather themselves, and consider【C7】_. “ The success of government, business, and private life in the next 50 years【C8】_it. Education, literacy, and versatile interpersonal skills【C9】_the list of necessary preparations for adulthood. Young people negotiating the complex worlds of hom
15、e, work, and school【C10】_use these skills in order to do so【C11】_and competently. “The adolescent who is able to【C12】_in only one world is increasingly【C13】_for adult life,“ he warns. As the time spent on the road to adulthood increases, so【C14】_the danger that more youths will fall by the wayside.
16、New and increased opportunities and initiatives will keep more youngsters focused, 【C15】_a smarter, more-versatile generation able to cope with the emerging global, high-tech world.（分数：30.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.aggressiveB.originalC.rigidD.extraordinary(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.qualificationB.guaranteeC.pro
17、babilityD.recognition(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.HoweverB.SubsequentlyC.FurthermoreD.Therefore(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.deniedB.definedC.questionedD.neglected(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.theseB.thatC.whatD.which(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.intoB.toC.onD.for(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.temptationsB.occasionsC.alternativesD.inclinations(8).【C8】（分
18、数：2.00）A.depends onB.results inC.longs forD.copes with(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.topB.coverC.holdD.rate(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.couldB.mustC.oughtD.shall(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.temporarilyB.smoothlyC.instantlyD.periodically(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.operateB.engageC.tackleD.function(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.ill-preparedB.ill
19、-manneredC.ill-informedD.ill-advised(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.didB.doesC.isD.was(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.createdB.createC.creatingD.to create三、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：7，分数：80.00)Everyone has been trying to understand Michael Jacksons death this summer. While medics are still picking at his slender corpse, c
20、ultural authorities argue like vultures over his reputation. Should he be remembered as a great singer, a man possibly sexually attracted to children, an emblematic black artist who tried to bleach his face white, the Fred Astaire(a major founder of stage dance)of the 1980s, the first to master the
21、MTV pop video, or a troubled victim of a domineering father? His difficult journey from unhappy childhood, to weird quasi-adulthood has been told and re-told frequently and annoyingly across the world. Yet Jacksons current crisis is an extreme version of a process that will happen to us all. For, as
22、 Jean Paul Sartre(French existentialist philosopher)put it, at death we become prey to the “Other“ our identity dissipating into the sum total of what is thought about us. While we are alive, Sartre explained, we can resist this pressure; we can defy the options that other people try to project onto
23、 us. We cant erase our pasts, but we can always overturn future expectations. Its a struggle Sartre saw as central to our existence as moral beings: we must do more than act out the roles others have scripted for us. This is the existential condition of humanitywe are the artists of our own lives, a
24、lthough with the anguish that comes from being condemned to be free. Given the weight of expectations heaped on his shoulders, its something Michael Jackson felt more crushingly than most: a burden reflected in his lifelong modifications of his own appearance. The human body, Ludwig Wittgenstein(an
25、Austrian-British philosopher)once declared, is the best picture we have of the human soul. And Jacksons body in his last days legibly expressed something very revealing. Death, of course, takes everything away. The back catalogue of Jacksons songs is now the complete catalogue. Yet, according to Sar
26、tre, death is not the final chord of a 4 melody that suddenly resolves and makes sense of what went before. Instead, it merely begins an endless new argument over meanings from which the corethe real personis perpetually absent. Michael Jackson is no longer with us. Instead, “Michael Jackson“ is bec
27、oming the sum of what others hope to make of him.（分数：12.00）(1).Paragraph 1 mainly tells that people have been trying to_.（分数：2.00）A.define Jackson as a personB.speculate on Jacksons deathC.stain Jacksons reputationD.question Jackson as a celebrity(2).According to Sartre, everybody at his death will
28、surely_.（分数：2.00）A.draw attention far and wideB.suffer immense defamationC.be the center of peoples talkD.be put under others judgment(3).Sartre held that, as a moral being, one should NOT_.（分数：2.00）A.do simply as others expectB.conceal ones shameful pastC.always defy others opinionsD.retreat from v
29、arious pressures(4).As claimed by Wittgenstein, Jacksons dead body revealed that he_.（分数：2.00）A.had worked too hard in pleasing his fansB.had fallen victim to public opinionC.had been an extremely sentimental guyD.had experienced both joys and sorrows(5).In the last paragraph, the “back catalogue“ r
30、efers to Jacksons_.（分数：2.00）A.albums released at his deathB.MTV videos of his dancingC.music he had recorded beforeD.songs sung in his childhood(6).It can be concluded that today what we hear about Michael Jackson may NOT be_.（分数：2.00）A.invented storiesB.variable storiesC.biased storiesD.factual sto
31、riesMost graduate programs in American universities produce a product for which there is no market(candidates for teaching positions that do not exist)and develop skills for which there is diminishing demand(research in subfields within subfields and publication in journals read by no one other than
32、 a few like-minded colleagues), all at a rapidly rising cost. Widespread hiring freezes and layoffs have brought these problems into sharp relief now. But our graduate system has been in crisis for decades, and the seeds of this crisis go as far back as the formation of modern universities. Kant, in
33、 his 1798 work “The Conflict of the Faculties,“ wrote that universities should “handle the entire content of learning by mass production, so to speak, by a division of labor, so that for every branch of the sciences there would be a public teacher or professor appointed as its trustee. “ Unfortunate
34、ly this mass-production university model has led to separation where there ought to be collaboration and to ever-increasing specialization. In my own department, for example, we have 10 faculty members, working in eight subfields, with little overlap. And as departments fragment, research and public
35、ation become more and more about less and less . The emphasis on narrow scholarship also encourages an educational system that has become a process of cloning. Faculty members cultivate those students whose futures they envision as identical to their own pasts, even though their tenures will stand i
36、n the way of these students having futures as full professors. The dirty secret of higher education is that without underpaid graduate students to help in laboratories and with teaching, universities couldnt conduct research or even instruct their growing undergraduate populations. Thats one of the
37、main reasons we still encourage people to enroll in doctoral programs. It is simply cheaper to provide graduate students with modest stipends and teaching assistants with as little as $ 5, 000 a coursewith no benefitsthan it is to hire full-time professors. The other obstacle to change is that colle
38、ges and universities are self-regulating or, in academic terms, governed by peer review. While trustees and administrations theoretically have some oversight responsibility, in practice, departments operate independently. To complicate matters further, once a faculty member has been granted tenure h
39、e is functionally autonomous. Many academics who cry out for the regulation of financial markets vehemently oppose it in their own departments.（分数：12.00）(1).According to Paragraph 1, it seems to be NOT worthwhile to attend an American graduate program at a high cost if one wants to_.（分数：2.00）A.pursu
40、e a teaching careerB.do business in the futureC.become a prolific writerD.engage in administrative work(2).Kant is quoted because_.（分数：2.00）A.he pointed put why crises would arise in modern universitiesB.he proposed some idea of what a modern university should doC.he used to help relieve the problem
41、s universities had sufferedD.he found how to cope with conflicts among the faculties(3).The boldfaced phrase “less and less“(in Paragraph 3)refers to_.（分数：2.00）A.diminishing governmental supportB.publications in decreasing numberC.theories with growing intelligibilityD.increasingly specialized knowl
42、edge(4).According to the author, in todays educational system, its difficult to_.（分数：2.00）A.attend courses of ones own choiceB.get a scholarship in a desired specialtyC.produce students with new horizonsD.ask teachers to stay long in their jobs(5).Enrollments in doctoral programs are promoted by the
43、 universities mainly because they need_.（分数：2.00）A.the cheap labor of the studentsB.to show high academic standardC.to attract enough full-time professorsD.the talented hands to help with research(6).The author thinks its bad for faculty members to be_.（分数：2.00）A.free from the supervision of the tru
44、steesB.involved in any profit-making activitiesC.subject to peer view on all academic mattersD.restricted to the work in their own departmentsNext week, the European Parliament will debate stringent regulation of a number of effective pesticides. If this regulation is passed, the consequences will b
45、e devastating. In the 1960s, widespread use of the potent and safe insecticide DDT led to eradication of many insect-borne diseases in Europe and North America. But based on no scientific evidence of human health effects, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency banned DDT, and its European counter
46、parts followed suit. Subsequently, more than 1 million people died each year from malariabut not in America or Europe. Rather, most of the victims were children and women in Africa and Asia. Today, even while acknowledging that indoor spraying of small amounts of DDT would help prevent many deaths a
47、nd millions of illnesses, nongovernmental organizations continuewith great successto pressure African governments not to allow its use. In order to stave off such pressure, African public health officials cave, and their children die needlessly. Yet, rather than learning the tragic lesson of the DDT
48、 ban, the European Union wants to extend this unscientific ban to other effective insecticides, including pyrethroids and organophosphatesfurther undercutting anti-malarial efforts. The currently debated regulation would engender a paradigm shift in the regulation of chemicals, from a risk-based app
49、roachbased on real world exposures from agricultural applicationsto a hazard-based standard, derived from laboratory tests and having little or no basis in reality as far as human health is concerned. Of course, this is fine with anti-chemical zealots. Their concern is bringing down chemical companies in the name of “the envi
