1、专业英语八级（改错）-试卷205及答案解析 (总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：80.00)1.PART III LANGUAGE USAGE（分数：20.00）_With the effects of globalization, increases in technology and the pace of life invade more and more areas of everyday life, andfree-time has become an increasing precious and important reso
2、urce. 1For those pursuing leisure lifestyles deriving from consuming the 2riches of the leisure market and for those who are experiencing a shortage of free timea time squeeze leisure may offer many benefits but also some costs. For the growing number of peoplelooking forward to abundance free time
3、in retirement and for the 3increasing number of young people who are experiencing reduced activity levels, and problems of overweight and reduced fitness,leisure has never been vital for ensuring individual and social health 4and well-being. At the macro level, the social, cultural, environmental he
4、althand economic significance of leisure and events have been increased 5in New Zealand and around the world. Leisure and events and areasthat address these phenomenon, including play, recreation, the 6arts, sport, festivals, celebrations, health and fitness, outdoor recreation, parks, entertainment
5、 and tourism, are important aspectsof modern life and providing for these are an increasingly significant 7feature in modern economies. They can play a vital part inenhancing social capital and quality of lives. 8 This research theme has been established to farther knowledge 9and understanding of th
6、e ways of leisure and events, and their associated forms, contributing to individual and social health and well-being, quality of life and social, cultural, environmental and economic development. Better knowledge of these broad phenomena will inform policies to maximize the benefits and minimize th
7、e costs associated to the production and consumption of leisure and events. 10（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_We know that it is impossible to set up a limited number oftypes that would do full justice to the peculiarities of thousands of 1languages and dialects
8、 spoken on the surface of the earth. Like all human institutions, speech is too variable and too elusive to be quite safely ticketed. Even if we operate with a minutely subdivided scale of types, we may be quite certain that many of our languages willneed trim before they fit. To get them into the s
9、cheme at all it will 2be necessary to underestimate the significance of this or that feature 3or to ignore, for the time being, certain contradictions in their mechanism. It would be too easy to relieve ourselves from theburden of constructional thinking and to take the standpoint that 4each languag
10、e has its unique history, therefore its unique structure. Such a standpoint expresses only a half truth. Just as similar social, economic, and religious institutions have grown up in different parts of the world from distinct historical antecedents, so also languages,travel along different roads, ha
11、ve tended to converge toward similar 5forms. Moreover, the historical study of language has proven to us beyond all doubt that a language changes not only gradually but consistently, that it moves unconsciously from one type towardsothers, and that analogous trends are observable in remote quarters
12、6of the globe. From this it follows that broadly similar study must not 7have been reached by unrelated languages, independently andfrequently. In assuming the existence of comparable types, however, 8we are not denying the individuality of all historical processes; weare merely affirming that back
13、of the face of history is powerful drifts 9that move language, like other social products, to balance patterns. 10（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concer
14、nsabout monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads counted 1for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Nextyear, after a series of mergers are completed, just four railroads will 2control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. Supporters of
15、the new supersystems argue that these mergerswill allow substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. 3Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fiercecompetition from trucks. But many shippers complain that as heavy 4bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, che
16、micalsand grain, trucking is too cost and the railroads therefore have them 5by the throat. The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that the 6most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such captive shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when anot
17、her railroad is competing for the business.Shippers whom feel they are being overcharged have the right to 7appeal for the federal governments Surface Transportation Board for 8rate relief, and the process is expensive, time-consuming, and will 9work only in truly extreme cases. Railroads justify ra
18、te discrimination against captive shippers in 10the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining custom
19、ers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_专业英语八级（改错）-试卷205答案解析 (总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：80.00)1.PART III LANGUAGE USAGE（分数：20.00）_解析：With the effects of globalization, increases in technology and the pac
20、e of life invade more and more areas of everyday life, andfree-time has become an increasing precious and important resource. 1For those pursuing leisure lifestyles deriving from consuming the 2riches of the leisure market and for those who are experiencing a shortage of free timea time squeeze leis
21、ure may offer many benefits but also some costs. For the growing number of peoplelooking forward to abundance free time in retirement and for the 3increasing number of young people who are experiencing reduced activity levels, and problems of overweight and reduced fitness,leisure has never been vit
22、al for ensuring individual and social health 4and well-being. At the macro level, the social, cultural, environmental healthand economic significance of leisure and events have been increased 5in New Zealand and around the world. Leisure and events and areasthat address these phenomenon, including p
23、lay, recreation, the 6arts, sport, festivals, celebrations, health and fitness, outdoor recreation, parks, entertainment and tourism, are important aspectsof modern life and providing for these are an increasingly significant 7feature in modern economies. They can play a vital part inenhancing socia
24、l capital and quality of lives. 8 This research theme has been established to farther knowledge 9and understanding of the ways of leisure and events, and their associated forms, contributing to individual and social health and well-being, quality of life and social, cultural, environmental and econo
25、mic development. Better knowledge of these broad phenomena will inform policies to maximize the benefits and minimize the costs associated to the production and consumption of leisure and events. 10（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：increasingincreasingly）填空项1:_（正确答案：derivingderived）填空项1:_（正确答案：abundanceabundant
26、）填空项1:_（正确答案：vitalmore）填空项1:_（正确答案：been去掉been）填空项1:_（正确答案：phenomenonphenomena）填空项1:_（正确答案：areis）填空项1:_（正确答案：liveslife）填空项1:_（正确答案：fartherfurther）填空项1:_（正确答案：to一with）解析：解析：介词误用。associate with为固定搭配，意思是“与联系在一起”，故将to改为with。We know that it is impossible to set up a limited number oftypes that would do fu
27、ll justice to the peculiarities of thousands of 1languages and dialects spoken on the surface of the earth. Like all human institutions, speech is too variable and too elusive to be quite safely ticketed. Even if we operate with a minutely subdivided scale of types, we may be quite certain that many
28、 of our languages willneed trim before they fit. To get them into the scheme at all it will 2be necessary to underestimate the significance of this or that feature 3or to ignore, for the time being, certain contradictions in their mechanism. It would be too easy to relieve ourselves from theburden o
29、f constructional thinking and to take the standpoint that 4each language has its unique history, therefore its unique structure. Such a standpoint expresses only a half truth. Just as similar social, economic, and religious institutions have grown up in different parts of the world from distinct his
30、torical antecedents, so also languages,travel along different roads, have tended to converge toward similar 5forms. Moreover, the historical study of language has proven to us beyond all doubt that a language changes not only gradually but consistently, that it moves unconsciously from one type towa
31、rdsothers, and that analogous trends are observable in remote quarters 6of the globe. From this it follows that broadly similar study must not 7have been reached by unrelated languages, independently andfrequently. In assuming the existence of comparable types, however, 8we are not denying the indiv
32、iduality of all historical processes; weare merely affirming that back of the face of history is powerful drifts 9that move language, like other social products, to balance patterns. 10（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：第二个of一the）填空项1:_（正确答案：trim一trimming）填空项1:_（正确答案：underestimateoverestimate）填空项1:_（正确答案：constru
33、ctionalconstructive）填空项1:_（正确答案：traveltraveling）填空项1:_（正确答案：othersanother）填空项1:_（正确答案：not一去掉not）填空项1:_（正确答案：however一therefore）填空项1:_（正确答案：isare）填空项1:_（正确答案：balancebalanced）解析：解析：词性混用。本句中的to不是不定式符号，而是介词。此处是moveto结构，to后面应是名词短语，故应将动词原形balance改为形容词balanced“平衡的，和谐的”，修饰patterns。In recent years, railroads
34、have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concernsabout monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads counted 1for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Nextyear, after a series of mergers are completed, just four railroads will 2con
35、trol well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergerswill allow substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. 3Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fiercecompetition from trucks. But many ship
36、pers complain that as heavy 4bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicalsand grain, trucking is too cost and the railroads therefore have them 5by the throat. The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that the 6most shippers are served by only one rail company. Rail
37、roads typically charge such captive shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.Shippers whom feel they are being overcharged have the right to 7appeal for the federal governments Surface Transportation Board for 8rate relief, and the process is ex
38、pensive, time-consuming, and will 9work only in truly extreme cases. Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers in 10the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of s
39、witching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：countedaccounted）填空项1:_（正确答案：areis）填空项1:_（正确答案：allow一for）填空项1:_（正确答案：asfor）填空项1:_（正确答案：costcostly）填空项1:_（正确答案：the一去掉the）填空项1:_（正确答案：whomwho）填空项1:_（正确答案：forto）填空项1:_（正确答案：第一个andbut）填空项1:_（正确答案：inon）解析：解析：固定搭配中的介词误用。on the grounds表示“以为由，以为条件”。
