1、专业英语四级-244及答案解析 (总分：99.90，做题时间：90分钟)一、READING COMPREHENSIO(总题数：2，分数：100.00)SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS PASSAGE ONE Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a virtual or simulate
2、d environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners. With virtual reality well be able to put a surgeon in every trench, said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers. The computers would transmit imag
3、es of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier. Altho
4、ugh Satavas vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move in
5、struments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound. These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly so
6、me of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the
7、shortest, least invasive surgical path to the tumor. Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the
8、 patients brain taken before surgery. During these proceduresoperations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuveredsurgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurat
9、ely than human surgeons can. Satava says, We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine. PASSAGE TWO Tourism develops culture. It broadens the thinking of the traveler and leads to culture contact between the hosts and guests from far-off places. This can benefit the locals, s
10、ince tourists bring culture with them. Tourism may help to preserve indigenous customs, as when traditional shows, parades, celebrations and festivals are put on for tourists. The musicals, plays and serious drama of London theatres and other kinds of nightlife are largely supported by tourists. Suc
11、h events might disappear without the stimulus of tourism to maintain them. On the other hand, tourism often contributes to the disappearance of local radiations and folklore. Churches, temples and similar places of worship are treated as tourist attractions. This can be at the expense of their origi
12、nal function: how many believers want to worship in the middle of a flow of atheist invaders? Who would want to pray while curious onlookers shuffle to and fro with guide books, rather than prayer books, in their hands? Tourism may bring other indirect cultural consequences in its wake. Tensions whi
13、ch already exist between ancient and more modem ways may be deepened by tourists ignorance of local customs and beliefs. Tourists, if not actually richer, often seem more well-off than natives. The former may therefore feel superior, leaving the latter embarrassed about their lifestyles. The result
14、maybe an inferior feeling which hardly helps the sense of identity which is so important to regional culture. The poverty of a locality can look even worse when contrasted with the comfortable hotel environment where the average life expectancy is 75 years, may well generate resentment in Sierra Leo
15、ne, where the local population can expect to live to no more than 41 years. The relative prosperity of tourists may encourage crime. In Gambia, unemployed young people offer to act as professional friendguides, companions or sexual partners in return for money. When the tourism season is over they c
16、an no longer get wages that way so they turn to petty stealing from the local populace. All this affects the local social life and culture adversely. Culture erosion can also take place at more subtle levels. Greek villagers traditionally prided themselves on their hospitality. They would put up tra
17、velers for free, feeding them and listening to their stories. To take money would have been a disgrace. That has changed now. Tourists exist to be exploited. Perhaps this is hardly surprising if the earnings from one room rented to a tourist can exceed a teachers monthly salary. PASSAGE THREE During
18、 the holiday I received no letter from Myrtle and when I returned to the town she had gone away. I telephoned each day until she came back, and then she said she was going to a party. I put up with her new tactics patiently. The next time we spent an evening together there was no quarrel. To avoid i
19、t I took Myrtle to the cinema. We did not mention Haxby. On the other hand it was impossible to pretend that either of us was happy. Myrtles expression of unhappiness was deepening. Day by day I watched her sink into a bout of despair, and I concluded it was my fault had I not concluded it was my fa
20、ult, the looks Myrtle gave me would rapidly have concluded it for me. The topic of conversation we avoided above all others was the project of going to America. I cursed the tactlessness of Robert and Tom in talking about it in front of her before I had had time to prepare her for it. I felt aggriev
21、ed, as one does after doing wrong and being found out. I did not know what to do. When you go to the theatre you see a number of characters caught in a dramatic situation. What happens next? They usually do something and then everything is changed. My life is different. I never have scenes, and if I
22、 do, they are discouragingly not dramatic. Practically no action arises. And nothing whatsoever is changed. My life is not as good as a play. Nothing like it. All I did with my present situation was try and tide it over. When Myrtle emerged from the deepest blackness of despairnobody after all, coul
23、d remain there definitelyI tried to comfort her. I gradually unfolded all my plan, including those for her. She could come to America, too. She was a commercial artist. She could get a job and our relationship could continue as it was. And I will not swear that I did not think: And in America she mi
24、ght even succeed in marrying me. It produced no effect. She began to drink more. She began to go to parties very frequently; it was very soon clear that she had decided to see less of me. I do not blame Myrtle. Had I been in her place I would have tried to do the same thing. Being in my place I trie
25、d to prevent her. I knew what sort of parties she was going to: they were parties at which Haxby was present. We began to wrangle over going out with each other. She was never free at the times I suggested. Sometimes, usually on a Saturday night, she first arranged to meet me and then changed her mi
26、nd. I called that rubbing it in a little too far. But her behavior, I repeat, perfectly sensible. By seeing less of me she stood a chance of finding somebody else, or of making me jealous, or of both. Either way she could not lose. PASSAGE FOUR It was the spring of 1985, and President Reagan had jus
27、t given Mother Teresa the Medal of Freedom in a Rose Garden ceremony. As she left, she walked down the corridor between the Oval Office and the West Wing drive, and there she was, turning my way. What a sight: a saint in a sari coming down the White House hall. As she came nearer, I could not help i
28、t: I bowed. Mother, I said, I just want to touch your hand. She looked up at meit may have been one of Gods subtle jokes that his exalted child spent her life looking up to everyone elseand said only two words. Later I would realize that they were the message of her mission. Lull Gott, she said. Lov
29、e God. She pressed into my hand a poem she had written, as she glided away in a swoosh of habit. I took the poem from its frame the day she died. It is free verse, 79 lines, and is called Mothers Meditation (in the Hospital). In it she reflects on Christs question to his apostles: Who do you say I a
30、m? She notes that he was the boy born in Bethlehem, put in the manager full of straw.kept warm by the breath of the donkey, who grew up to be an ordinary man without much learning. Donkeys are not noble; straw is common; and it was among the ordinary and ignoble, the poor and sick, that she chose to
31、 labor. Her mission was for them and among them, and you have to be a pretty tough character to organize a little universe that exists to help people others arent interested in helping. Thats how she struck me when I met her as I watched her life. She was tough. There was the worn and weathered face
32、, the abrupt and definite speech. We think saints are great organizers, great operators, and great combatants in the world. Once I saw her in a breathtaking act of courage. She was the speaker at the National Prayer Breakfast in Washington in 1995. All the Washington Establishment was there, plus a
33、few thousand born-again Christians, orthodox Catholics and Jews, and searchers looking for a faith. Mother Teresa was introduced, and she spoke of God, of love, of families. She said we must love one another and care for one another. There were great purrs of agreement. But as the speech continued i
34、t became more pointed. She asked, Do you do enough to make sure your parents, in the old peoples homes, feel your love? Do you bring them each day your joy and caring? The baby boomers in the audience began to shift in their seats. And she continued. I feel that the greatest destroyer of peace today
35、 is abortion, she said, and then she told them why, in uncompromising term. For about 1.3 seconds there was complete silence, then applause built and swept across the room. But not everyone: the President and the First Lady, the Vice President and Mrs. Gore, looked like seated statues at Madame Tuss
36、auds, glistening in the lights and moving not a muscle. She didnt stop there either, but went on to explain why artificial birth control is bad and why protestants who separate faith from works are making a mistake. When she was finished, there was almost no one she hadnt offended. A US senator turn
37、ed to his wife and said, Is my jaw up yet? Talk about speaking truth to power! But Mother Teresa didnt care, and she wasnt afraid. The poem she gave me included her personal answers to Christs questions. She said he is the Truth to be told. the Way to be walked. the Light to be lit. She took her own
38、 advice and lived a whole life that showed it.（分数：49.95）(1).According to Richard Satava, the application of virtual reality to medicine -|_|- (PASSAGE ONE)（分数：3.33）A.will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefield.B.can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefield.C.wi
39、ll greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefield.D.can shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield.(2).Richard Satava has visions of -|_|- (PASSAGE ONE)（分数：3.33）A.using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseas.B.wounded soldiers being
40、saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefield.C.wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeons.D.setting up mobile surgical units overseas.(3).Virtual reality operations are an improvement on conventional surgery in that they -|_|- (PASSAGE ONE)（分数：3.33）A.caus
41、e less pain to the wounded.B.allow the patient to recover more quickly.C.will make human surgeons work less tedious.D.are done by robot surgeons with greater precision.(4).Comfortable hotel environment may make -|_|- (PASSAGE TWO)（分数：3.33）A.natives feel good.B.tourists feel embarrassed.C.locality lo
42、oks prosperous.D.locality looks even poorer.(5).The relative prosperity of the tourists may -|_|- (PASSAGE TWO)（分数：3.33）A.encourage the development of industry.B.encourage natives to work hard.C.arouse resentment.D.reduce the crime rate.(6).Greek villagers begin to exploit tourists because -|_|- (PA
43、SSAGE TWO)（分数：3.33）A.they hate to be hospitable.B.they have always been greed.C.they can make a lot of money from doing so.D.some tourists disgraced their villages.(7).When Myrtle was avoiding the author he -|_|- (PASSAGE THREE)（分数：3.33）A.saw through her plan and behaved calmly.B.became angry and co
44、uld not put her out of his mind.C.was worried and uncomprehending.D.could not bear the way she treated him.(8).The author complains that his life was not like a play in which -|_|- (PASSAGE THREE)（分数：3.33）A.the characters solve their problems by violence.B.the violence that follows action solves the
45、ir problems.C.the action that follows quarrels solves their problems.D.the characters solve their problems in spite of violence.(9).Who was the exalted child? (PASSAGE FOUR)（分数：3.33）A.Mother Teresa.B.I.C.The author.D.God.(10).Who raised the question who do you say I am? (PASSAGE FOUR)（分数：3.33）A.The
46、apostle.B.Mother Teresa.C.Christ.D.She.(11).SECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS How is the virtual reality surgery performed? (PASSAGE ONE)（分数：3.33）(12).Why does tourism cause the disappearance of local traditions? (PASSAGE TWO)（分数：3.33）(13).Whats the real reason that Myrtle was angry and upset? (PASSA
47、GE THREE)（分数：3.33）(14).What does Mother Teresa mean by saying Christ is the Truth to be told. the Way to be walked. the Light to be lit? (PASSAGE FOUR)（分数：3.33）(15).From this text, what are the characteristics of Mother Teresa? (PASSAGE FOUR)（分数：3.33）SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS PASSAGE ONE P
48、eople have been painting pictures for at least 30,000 years. The earliest pictures were painted by people who hunted animals. They used to paint pictures of the animals they wanted to catch and kill. Pictures of this kind have been found on the walls of caves in France and Spain. No one knows why they were painted there. Perhaps the painters thought that their pictures would help them to catch these animals. Or perhaps human beings have always wanted to te
