1、Unit 3 英汉对比与翻译 （二）,英汉句法现象的对比,2. 句法现象的对比,A: People are always talking about “the problem of youth”. If there is onewhich I take leave to doubtthen it is older people who create it,not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beingspeople just
2、like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub its.,人们总是在谈论 “青年人问题”。如果真有这么一个问题对这一点我要不揣冒昧地表示怀疑那也是年长者早出来的，而不是青年人自己造成的。让我们认真考虑一下问题的根本吧，而且
3、我们要承认青年人毕竟是人跟他们长辈一样的人。青年人和老年人之间只有一点不同，那就是青年人的光辉未来在他们前头，而老年人的辉煌已经留在他们身后，或许这就是问题之所在。,B. He that loves glass without G,Takes away L and that is he.( Glass without G is lass, meaning a “young woman”. If the L is taken away from “lass”, what remains is an “ass”, referring to a donkey or a stupid person.T
4、hus, it means “ He who loves women is a stupid person”. (孙利民, 2005:74),在翻译实践中，我们通常把句子作为操作处理的基本单位。英语和汉语的句子结构及句法既有相似之处，更有明显的区别。（傅晓玲等，2004：58） 1）时态对比： 英语的时态有十六种，与汉语的时态相比要复杂得多，汉语一般没有时态的变化。 如：I will go to Beijing tomorrow afternoon. ( 我明天下午去北京) Jack used to be a government official, but he is in prison n
5、ow. (杰克从前是个政府官员，现在是犯人。）,2）句子结构,A）The two countrieswith all the talk of warmer relationsare spying on each other as avidly as at the height of the cold war. (尽管两国高唱关系改善，但双方仍像在冷战期间一样互相侦察对方） B）The question is whether he can understand what she said about her position. (问题是他能不能理解她的立场）,C）Hardly had he go
6、t home, it began to rain cats and dogs. (他一回到家，天就下起了瓢泼大雨。） D）Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality. (inverted) 当时我确实 还不太懂战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事。,E） By the time he entered college, he had been exposed to English for 6 years. 上大学前，他学英语已经有六年时间了。 英语和汉语句子中语态的使用频率存在一定的差异。被动语态在英语中
7、的使用比率相对与汉语而言要多。 Nothing was gained by all the over caution. 所有这些谨小慎微，到头来一无所得。 I must have been cheated again. 我准是又上当了。,To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber. When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and
8、boiled down, either on board ship or on shore.,大自然为保护鲸，使它不致在北冰洋受冻，便让它长了一曾厚厚的脂肪，叫做鲸脂。鲸杀死后，把鲸脂剥下来熬油，这项工作有的在船上进行，有的在岸上进行。,3）复合句顺序（短语顺序）,翻译下列句子，注意排列顺序的差异：Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected there is a “high temperature belt” in the atmosphere, with its centre ro
9、ughly thirty miles above the ground. 人们早就怀疑，大气层中 有一个“高温带”，其中心在距地面约30英里的高空。利用火箭进行研究后，这一奇异的事实已得到证实。,A. 时间顺序 In any case, it was the most independent and self-reliant families who were the first to push westward to the Appalachian Mountains, then southward along the mountain valleys, then into the grea
10、t Central Basin and finally westward beyond the Rockies. 无论如何，他们都非常独立，不靠别人只靠自己。他们先往西走，到达阿巴拉契亚山脉，后顺着山谷往南走，进入中央大盆地，后又向西越过了落矶山脉。,They went to see a film after they visited their old friends. After they visited their old friends there, they went to see a film. It was at 9:00, September 1st, 1889 ,that t
11、he meeting was held in a secrete place.,B）空间顺序 Arable lands are few and limited; with but slight exceptions the prospect is a broad rich mass of grass and trees, mantling minor hills and dales within the major. Such is the vale of Blackmore. (Tess of the DUrbeverills, Hardy),长庄稼的地块数不多，面积有限，全副景物，除了很小
12、的例外，是大山抱小山，大谷套小谷，而在那些小山小谷上盖着一片绵连、茂盛的草和树。布蕾谷就是这种样子。 （张谷若翻译） Hardy让人先看到的是草和树，再是小山和小谷再是大山和大谷；而以上译文根据汉语的习惯作了适当的调整。,C) 逻辑顺序,英语因可前可后，汉语先因后果； Now tourism has grown in importance to such an extent that many Third World countries cannot balance their financial budget accounts without their considerable earni
13、ngs from tourism. 现在，旅游业越来越重要，如果少了这一块巨额收入，第三世界国家就无法平衡其财政预算。,条件句中，英语的条件可前可后，汉语，先条件，再结果 If the system is used in the proper way to train umpires, we can look at this and see if theres some kind of flaw. 如果我们合理地运用该系统来培训裁判员，就能通过该系统发现存在的缺陷。,表目的与行动的复合句 To prove their point they scaled up a chicken to the
14、size of Tyrannosaurus rex and found the giant chicken probably would not have been able to stand. 为了证明自己的观点，他们按比例把一只鸡放大到暴龙族恐龙大小，结果发现这只巨鸡可能站都站不住。,表结果与理由 The considerable credit that is due to him is not for having invented a method which others had pioneered. 他之所以大受赞扬，并不是因为他在前人开创的战术方面有新的建树。,4）倒装结构 (o
15、ften seen in English but rare in Chinese),(here, there, now, then, out, up; be, come, go, exist, live, follow) 1) Here is the very passport that you have lost. 这正是你所丢失的那本护照。 2) There stands a great temple on the top of that mountain. 那座山的山顶上有一座巨大的寺庙。,3) Up went the rocket into the space in an instan
16、t. 顷刻间，“嗖”的一声，火箭飞向太空。 4) Then came the day we had been looking forward to. 我们期盼的这一天终于到来了！,only 5) Only when one is ill does he realize the value of health. 只有当一个人生病时，才会意识到健康的价值。 6) Not only was Jack London a well-known novelist, but (he was) also a poet. 杰克伦敦不仅是著名的小说家，还是一位诗人。,否定意义的副词或副词短语（never, sel
17、dom, hardly, scarcely, nowhere, in no case, under no conditions, not in the least, in no way, by no means, on no account） 7) Never in my life have I heard of such a strange thing! 我这辈子都没听到过这么离奇的事情！ （老头子老婆子的口头禅）,8) In no case will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. 中国决不第一个使用核武器！ 9) On no acco
18、unts are visitors allowed to feed the animals. 游客不得给动物喂食。 sothat. 10) So fast did he walk that none of us was his equal. 他走路非常快，谁都不是他的对手。 11) So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him. 他看起来滑稽可笑，大家都盯着他瞧。,虚拟条件句如省略if 12) Had you worked harder, you would have succeeded. 要再努力一把，就会成功了。 13) Were it
19、 not for you, I would fail. 如果没有你，我会失败的。,hardlywhen; no soonerthan 14) Hardly had I arrived when I had a new problem to cope with. 我刚到就碰到一个新问题需要处理。 15) No sooner was she back at home than she realized her mistake. 她一回家，就意识到自己犯了个错误。,地点状语放句首 16) On the floor were piles of old books and newspaper. 地板上堆
20、放着旧书和报纸。 17) On a hill in front of our school stood a great shopping mall. 我们学校前面的小山上有一个规模很大的购物中心。,18) Such was the force of explosion that all the windows were broken. 爆炸的威力如此之大，所有的窗户都震破了。 19) Young as she is, she has seen much of the world. 她年纪轻轻，可见过不少世面。,Summary,英语和汉语在词汇和句子结构等方面存在的差异比较大，2、3讲主要讲述了
21、词汇及句法方面的差异；其他的差异如代词的使用，无主句在汉语中的使用等，将在以后的各种技能训练中逐步讲到。希望大家在平时的学习中注意观察和积累他们之间的差异。,请点击并学习：英汉五大区别,Before college, the only people I had ever known who were interested in art or music or literature, the only ones who read books, the only ones who ever seemed to enjoy a sense of ease and grace were the mot
22、her and daughters. Like the men folk, they fretted about money, they scrimped and made-do.,exercise,But when the pay stopped coming in, they were not the ones who had failed. Nor did they have to go to war, and that seemed to me a blessed fact. By comparison with the narrow, ironclad days of fathers
23、, there was an expansiveness, I thought, in the days of mothers. They went to see neighbours, to shop in town, to run errands at school, at the library, at church. (Scott Russell Sanders, Women and Men),Fret: become unhappy, bad-tempered or anxious about something;worry Scrimp:manage to spend little
24、 money Ironclad: rigid, fixed,刻板的，固定不变的 Errands：short journey to take a message, get or deliver goods,上大学之前，我所认识的对艺术、音乐、或文学 感兴趣的人，爱读书的人，看上去优雅自在、安闲自得的人，统统都是做母亲和做女儿的。像男人一样，女人也为钱而发愁，也省吃俭用，凑合度日。但是如果家里断了收入，问题并非出在她们身上。他们也不用去打仗，这在我看来是一桩幸事。跟做父亲的那种狭窄、紧张的生活相比，我觉得做母亲的日子比较宽松自在。她们上邻居家窜门，去城里买东西，到学校、图书馆、教堂跑跑腿儿。（孙致礼翻译） （采用符合汉语表达习惯的词汇搭配方式）,
