1、Lecture 3 Software Process Models / Requirements Analysis,Topics Mythical Man Month Waterfall model Spiral Method Requirements Analysis Readings: Chapter 3,January 15, 2009,CSCE 492 Software Engineering,Overview,Last Time Overview Quality Software Todays Lecture Pragmatics UML references, Teams Mode
2、ls for the process of software development Waterfall model, Spiral model, Agile, Requirements References: Chapters 2 and 3 of the text Boehm paper “Spiral Model” Next Time:,UML Unified Modeling Language,UML reference http:/ Website of Quickreference Cards http:/www.digilife.be/quickreferences/quickr
3、efs.htm,Teams,Team 1: BENDER SAMUEL, BENNETT RONALD, BUSH BRANDON, SCHANDLER J M, CHILDERS WESLEY Team 2: CROCKETT MATTHEW, DINKINS CHANCE, ELLIOTT MICHAEL, GALLOWAY SCOTT, HITE E Team 3: MICHALSKI JASEN, RABON TONI ANN, SHANNON MARION, SIMMONS KATIA, STIFFLER N Team 4: STOICHITA RAZVAN, TAYLOR KARE
4、EM, THAPA BIJAYA, VAN OLINDA M,Working in Teams,Be conscientious about due dates Meet regularly with your team Always create an agenda for every team meeting Rotate responsibility for chairing team meetings,Authors slide modified,Holding Effective Team Meetings,Create a clear agenda addressing the e
5、ssential tasks that must be accomplished in order to complete the necessary deliverables Stick to the agenda during the meeting Ensure that each team member understands his or her tasks before the meeting is adjourned Ensure that tasks are equitably distributed,Authors slide modified,Class Project D
6、eliverables,The deliverables associated with the class project are essential to successfully completing the project The class project is not merely a programming assignment The deliverables result from completing tasks associated with analysis, design, implementation, and testing the class project,A
7、uthors slide modified,General Project Parameters,Type 1 Projects: Web-enabled System Web interface Database backend Publically accessible Security/permissions issues Examples: appointment calendar, scheduling system Type 2 Projects: Stand-alone Systems More elaborate graphics May require a database
8、Examples: games, mobile data collection tool Suggestions from the floor?,Should we fix this bug or not?,Four questions when a bug is discovered (Severity) When this bug happens, how bad is the impact? (Frequency) How often does this bug happen? (Cost) How much effort would be required to fix this bu
9、g? (Risk) What is the risk of fixing this bug?,http:/ and Frequency,The vertical axis is Severity. The top of the graph represents a bug with extremely severe impact: “This bug causes the users computer to burst into flame.“ The bottom of the graph represents a bug with extremely low impact: “One of
10、 the pixels on the splash screen is the wrong shade of gray.“ The horizontal axis is Frequency. The right side represents a bug which happens extremely often: “Every user sees this bug every day.“ The left side represents a bug which happens extremely seldom: “This bug only affects people who live i
11、n eastern Washington state and who have both Visual Studio 2003 and Visual Studio 2005 installed and it only happens during leap years on the day that daylight savings time goes into effect and only if the first day of that month was a Tuesday.“,http:/ Man-Month,Main Ideas in “Mythical Man-Month” co
12、llection of essays Mythical Man-Month Second-system effect IBM 7094360, the second system an engineer designs will be too ambitious, including way too much Progress Tracking Question: How does a large software project get to be one year late? Answer: One day at a time! Conceptual Integrity The Pilot
13、 System Communication http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mythical_Man-Month,Waterfall Model of Software Life Cycle,Not the first iterative method But the first paper to explain why to use the iterative method,Figure from Barry Boehm88,Water Fall Model,Requirements analysis Design Implementation Testing
14、 (validation) Integration maintenanceReference http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall_process,The Spiral Model,Note iterative repetition of the cycle!,Requirements Analysis,Software requirements analysis is the activity of eliciting, analyzing, and recording requirements for software systems. 1 Elici
15、ting Requirements 2 Analyzing Requirements 3 Recording Requirements,Requirements Analysis,A requirement is a feature of the system Requirements analysis seeks to assess and specify the behavior of the final system Requirements analysis can be iteratively carried out or done in a top-down fashion It
16、is desirable to establish the breadth of behavior of a system to determine the primary classes that will comprise the systemReference: Most requirements analysis slides are from authors,The Importance of Requirements Analysis,Frederick Brooks: “The hardest single part of building a software system i
17、s deciding precisely what to build” Barry Boehm: by investing more up-front effort in verifying and validating the software requirements, software developers will see reduced integration and test costs, as well as higher software reliability and maintainability,Examples of Good Requirements Analysis
18、,Participatory analysis Involves staff members of all levels from the domain area interacting directly with the development team Negotiation-based technique Developed by USC Center for Software Engineering Collaborative analysis approach involving end-users,Requirements Specification,Requirements an
19、alysis results in a complete, consistent, correct, and unambiguous requirements specification The initial specification may be created by the end users or by the technical staff Independent of the source of the initial specification it must be refined and verified to be correct and complete,Possible
20、 Elements of Requirements Specification,Supported activity list Human-computer interface description solved problem list Information source list Information requesting organization list Checks and balances Security and fault-tolerant requirements,More: Possible Elements of Requirements Specification
21、,Inter-operating systems list Estimates of present information capacity and projected growth Project time frame Prioritization of requirements Ethical concerns list,Case Study: Library Management System,Independent of who creates the requirements specification (end users or technical staff), it is t
22、he responsibility of the system developers to ensure the user requirements are adequately fleshed out The first step of requirements analysis is to establish and refine the problem statement which takes the form of the requirements specification,LMS Case Study: Clarifying the Requirements Specificat
23、ion,What sort of human-computer interface is envisioned?What sort of search facility is necessary for library patrons?Will patrons be assigned a unique ID number?Should the system support inter-library loan requests?,LMS Case Study: More Clarifying the Requirements Specification,Are there any limits
24、 on patrons use of research databases?How are books retired from the library collection?How long are requested books held for patrons?Are overdue fees the same for all type of library resources?Which online databases will the system interact with?,Creating Quality Requirements Specifications,The key
25、 is to keep in close communication with the end users throughout the development process, but especially during requirements analysisIdeally, a whole array of different end users should be involved with the development team to gain sufficient breadth of input,LMS Case Study: Supported Activity List,
26、Support Library staff activities like checking out resources to patronsValidating patrons Current membership No resources more than two weeks overdue Not over maximum of checked resourcesAssigning library numbers to patrons,LMS Case Study: More Supported Activity List,Deleting expired library number
27、s and associated patron records Checking out library resources: books,CDs, etc Checking in library resources Changing the status of a library resource Allowing materials to be placed on reserve Allowing the searching of the librarys holdings on line Additional activities listed in text,Other Element
28、s of the LMS Requirements Specification,Human-computer interface Solved problems list Information source list Information requesting organizations Automated checks and balances Security and fault-tolerant requirements Present information capacity and projected growth,More Elements of the LMS Require
29、ments Specification,Projected time frame Prioritization of requirements Ethical concerns Who has access of borrowing history of patrons? How are children protected from questionable materials found on the Internet?,Verifying Requirements,A structured walkthrough with the end users is a good techniqu
30、e for ensuring that the user needs are being addressed To ensure that the resulting software supports the requirements specification, items on the supported activity list are numbered and propagated through the software models and source code,The Process of Requirements Analysis,Create verified requ
31、irements specification Create list of primary classes Create informal scenarios Create use cases Create scenarios Create class diagrams Create use case diagrams,Identifying Use Cases,A use case is a description of a scenario (or closely related set of scenarios) in which the system interacts with us
32、ers of the system The behavior of the system is expressed without specifying how the behavior is implemented Use cases are initially described narratively, and then modeled graphically by class diagrams and interaction diagrams (to be discuss later) Informal scenarios are a good starting point for u
33、se cases,Characteristics of Use Cases,Use cases are more abstract than informal scenarios A single use case may encompass multiple scenarios Use cases avoid redundancy Use cases are more formally structured than scenarios Use cases seek to capture complete breadth of system behavior,Use Case Layout,
34、Precondition What conditions must be true at the beginning of the use case? Main flow of events Describe the essential behavior associated with the use case Post condition What occurs as a result of the use case executing Exceptional flow of events ( zero to many) Enumerate possible erroneous flow o
35、f events,LMS Case Study: Use Cases,Validate patron Check out resource Check in resource Request resource Reserve resource Manage Resource Manage Patron Generate from letter,LMS Case Study: Check out Resource Use Case,PreconditionLibrary staff and patron validated to LMS Library DB initialized Main f
36、low of events Enter resource Determine due date Exceptional flow of events Patron ID not valid Patron has over due resources or too many checked Resource number not valid,More LMS Case Study: Check out Resource Use Case,Postcondition Patron DB entry updated to reflect new resource Resource DB entry
37、updated to reflect changed status: checked out Due date assigned to the resource DB entry,Scenario Development,Scenarios are derived from use cases Scenarios are like informal scenarios, but are more formally structured Informal scenarios may be modified to produce scenarios Use cases are abstract b
38、ecause they do not reference specific values Scenarios are concrete because they do reference specific values Multiple scenarios may be required for a single use case,UML Use Case Diagrams,Use case diagrams depict use cases interacting with external actors External actors are entities that interact
39、with the software system, like system users, databases, or books Use cases represent system requirements and show a functional partitioning of the system Functional partitioning is useful for a dividing a system into smaller pieces,Notational Elements of Use Case Diagrams,Use case name,Actor,Use cas
40、e,Relationships:,Dependency,Association,Generalization,LMS Case Study: Use Case Diagram,Browse Resource,Request Resource,Reserve Resource,Patron,Resource,Steps in UCCD Analysis Process,Create/refine requirements specification Create informal scenarios Create list of primary classes Create use cases Create scenarios from use cases Create class diagrams showing basic inter-class relationships Model key class collaborations Create use case diagrams,
