1、Constance Malpas Program Officer OCLC Research,Observations on the Future Nature of Library Collecting,Libraries Australia Forum 20 October 2010,Overview,A picture (made in America) for thinking about library collectionsA story (based on trends in the US) about why, how and where collections are cha
2、ngingA gloss (by an outsider) on what these changes are likely to mean for Australian libraries,Low Stewardship,High Stewardship,In few collections,In many collections,Collections Grid,Licensed,Purchased,Purchased materials Licensed E-Resources,Research & Learning Materials,Open Web Resources,Specia
3、l Collections Local Digitization,Low Stewardship,High Stewardship,In few collections,In many collections,Licensed,Purchased,Limited,High attention,Less attention,Limited,Aspirational,Occasional,Intentional,Library attention and investment are shifting,Low Stewardship,High Stewardship,In Few Collecti
4、ons,In Many Collections,Academic institutions are driving this change,Licensed,Purchased,Redirection of library resource,today,+5 yrs,University library spending on e-resources in 2008: CAUL = $170M AUS (28% total library exp.)US ARL = $627M US (41% total library exp.),Shared Library Infrastructure:
5、 Academic Influence,45 million holdings22.3M (50%) in university libraries7.9M (18%) in G8 university libraries,1.45 million holdings83.5M (58%) in university librariesest. 20% in ARL university libraries,Change in academic libraries affects system as a whole,Change in Academic Collections,Shift to
6、licensed electronic content is accelerating Research journals a well established trend Scholarly monographs in progressPrint collections delivering less (and less) value at great (and growing) costEst. $4.25 US per volume per year for on-site collections Library purchasing power decreasing as per-un
7、it cost risesSpecial collections marginal to educational mandate at many institutions Costly to manage, not (always) integral to teaching, learning,An Equal and Opposite Reaction,As an increasing share of library spending is directed toward licensed content . . .,Pressure on print management costs i
8、ncreases,Fewer institutions to uphold preservation mandate,Stewardship roles must be reassessed,Shared service requirements will change,Erosion of library value proposition in the academic sectorinstitutional reputation no longer determined (or even substantially influenced) by scope, scale of local
9、 print collectionChanging nature of scholarly recordresearch, teaching and learning embedded in larger social and technological networks; new set of curation challenges for librariesFormat transition; mass digitisation of legacy printWeb-scale discoverability has fundamentally changed research pract
10、ices; local collections no longer the center of attention,Whats driving this change?,If this trend continues library allocations will fall below 0.5% by 2015.,Derived from : US Dept of Education, NCES, Academic Libraries Survey, 1977-2008,Declining Investment in Academic Libraries (US),Resourcing of
11、 Higher Education is Shifting (US),Distribution of Post-Secondary Educational Institutions in the United States by Source of Funding,Derived from : US Dept of Education, NCES, Academic Libraries Survey, 1977-2008,Attention Switch: from Print to Electronic (US),Derived from US Dept of Education, NCES
12、, Academic Libraries Survey, 1998-2008,You are here,In the US, a tipping point ,Derived from ARL Annual Statistics, 2007-2008,Majority of research libraries shifting towarde-centric acquisitions, service model,Shrinking pool of libraries with mission and resourcesto sustain print preservation as cor
13、e operation,Harvard,Yale,center of gravity, the books have left the building,Derived from L. Payne (OCLC, 2007),In North America, +70M volumes off-site (2007) 30-50% of print inventory at many major universities,Growth in library storage infrastructure,Its not about space, but priorities,If the phys
14、ical proximity of print collections had a demonstrable impact on researcher productivity, no university would hesitate to allocate prime real estate to library stacksIn a world where print was the primary medium of scholarly communication, a large local inventory was a hallmark of academic reputatio
15、nWe no longer live in that world.,In Australia, a similar (if slower) trend,Derived from CAUL Annual Statistics, 2004-2008,50% of expenditures by 2013?,. . . print continues to drive operating costs,CAUL Annual Statistics, 1994-2009,Libraries adding less, withdrawing more print,Derived from CAUL Ann
16、ual Statistics, 2000-2008,7,532 vols. 846 titles withdrawn in 2008,Impact on Library Infrastructure?,G8 library,6 university libraries have deleted 250K ANDB holdings in the past 5 years,ANBD Statistics, University Library Holdings,What if:,Academic libraries could “outsource” management of low-use
17、legacy print collections to shared service providers Cooperative management of print inventory Joint curation of digitised library contentKey elements of infrastructure already exist: Off-site library storage collections Shared digital repository (HathiTrust),Moving Collections “to the Cloud” (2009/
18、10),Premise: emergence of large scale shared print and digital repositories creates opportunity for strategic externalization* of core library operationsReduce costs of preserving scholarly record Enable reallocation of institutional resources Model new business relationships among libraries,* incre
19、ased reliance on external infrastructure and service platforms in response to economic imperative (lower transaction costs),Whats it Worth?,IF shared print provision for mass-digitised monographs were already in place . . .Average US university library space savings of 46K ASFbased on 1 copy/vol. pe
20、r title; .08 ASF per volume= new research commons, learning collaboratoryAnnual cost avoidance of $470K for off-site managementbased on 1 copy/vol. per title * $.86 for high-density store= resource for redeployment, new library service model,Requires re-organisation of library system; emergence of n
21、ew shared service providers,25 years +70M vols.,0101010101010 1010101010101 0101010101010 1010101010101 0101010101010 1010101010101 0101010101010,9 months +3M vols.,Our Starting Point: June 2009,Will this intersection create new operational efficiencies? For which libraries?Under what conditions?How
22、 soon and with what impact?,HathiTrust,US library off-site storage,A global change in the library environment,June 2010 Median duplication: 31%,June 2009 Median duplication: 19%,The US academic print book collection already substantially duplicated in mass digitised book corpus,Data current as of Ju
23、ne 2010,Mass-digitised Books in Shared Print Repositories (US),75% of mass digitised corpus in HathiTrust is backed up in one or more shared print repositories,3.6M titles,2.5M,Data current as of June 2010,Prediction,Within the next 5-10 years, focus of shared print archiving and service provision w
24、ill shift to monographic collections large scale service hubs will provide low-cost print management on a subscription basis; reducing local expenditure on print operations, releasing space for new uses and facilitating a redirection of library resources; enabling rationalization of aggregate print
25、collection and renovation of library service portfolio,Mass digitization of retrospective print collections will drive this transition,In the US, interests are aligned (for now),Several major initiatives developing regional print archives for scholarly journal back-filesWestern Regional Storage Trus
26、t, Center for Research LibrariesFederally funded effort to re-examine models for managing legacy print book collectionsNatl Framework for Print Monographic Collections workshopOCLC developing infrastructure to support network disclosure of print archives in WorldCatPilot implementations planned for
27、FY2011,Is this feasible in Australian context?,Maybe. . . depends upon: imperative to reconfigure academic print collectionsstrong or weak? surrogate value of mass-digitised resourcesupports externalisation of legacy print management? regional infrastructureextant shared print providers (CARM, other
28、s)Web-scale discovery (Trove)robust resource-sharing network (Libraries Australia),From US vantage point, Australian prospects look promising,A View from Down Under,“Australias $17 billion export education industry is one of the nations few green exports, one of the few sources of national income th
29、at does not leave the country in cargo containers Our public discussion of higher educations larger purpose is rarely cast in humanistic terms. Nor, for the past two decades, has there been any real institutional mooring for the liberal arts within the postmodern megaversity.” Luke Slattery “Soul-se
30、arching for a liberal curriculum” The Australian 30 June 2010 via Lorcan Dempsey,So: greater pressure on academic libraries . (compared to US),A Vocal Minority in Dissent,ANU students demonstrate against the reorganising of humanities courses and increasing pressure on academic staff. Photo: RICHARD
31、 BRIGGS, Canberra Times (May 2010),Disdain for “a culture of managerialism that threatens the quality of research and puts extra pressure on academic staff to increase their output”,loss of power, prestige embodied in dislocation of library print collection,This man is not your friend,Judgment of Pe
32、ers, and fewer institutions with mandate/resources to assume stewardship for scholarly record,Australian National Presence in Mass-digitised Library Corpus,6,288 publications about Australia History, literature, geography, flora & fauna,17,859 publications produced in Australia 15,706 (88%) held by
33、one or more of NLA, G8877 (5%) available as public domain in USA,Data current as of June 2010, based on analysis of 3.64M titles in HathiTrust Digital Library.,1,104 rare Australian imprints (held by 5 libraries)855 (77%) not held by NLA or G8 libraries,Australian Academic Collections,Data current a
34、s of June 2010,As of June 2010, 25% of titles in G8 libraries are duplicated in mass-digitised corpus,Revisiting Local Print Stewardship Priorities,Data current as of June 2010, and significant opportunity for space savings, cost avoidance,A Compelling Scenario for Change,Powerful imperatives to dep
35、loy university library resources in support of new research assessment regimesAmbivalence about institutional responsibility to the traditional (print) scholarly recordMass-digitised resource offers adequate surrogate valueSubstantial space savings, cost avoidance is achievableIF: Viable shared prin
36、t service providers emergeManagement, discovery/delivery infrastructure adapts,Implications for NLA / Libraries Australia,Increased expectation for shared infrastructure to support cooperative management of academic print collectionsNew pressures on resource sharing as fulfillment of in-copyright, mass-digitised content is concentrated on a smaller number of providersRedistribution of print stewardship may require coordination by NLA, NSLA or other agent,Thanks for your attention,Constance Malpas malpascoclc.orgComments, questions & corrections are welcome via email.,
