1、The Doha Development Agenda,Yvan Decreux1, Lionel Fontagn2 WTO, November 2, 20101: CEPII, ITC 2: CEPII, University Paris 1,July 2008 package,Based on two different studies Decreux, Y. & Fontagn, L. (2009). Economic Impact of potential outcome of the DDA, CEPII Research Report 2009-01 More comprehens
2、ive: includes trade facilitationDecreux, Y. (2009). Effets dun accord commercial multilatral sur la base des propositions de dcembre 2008, Report for the French Government More recent: Includes precisions added in the December 08 package (anti-concentration clause and other elements related to sensi
3、tive products) Some technical improvements More sector details in agriculture,Downloadable,Both studies downloadable here: https:/ covered,Agriculture NAMA Services Trade facilitation,Agriculture,Domestic support: mostly the US and EFTA Export subsidies US, EU Agreement found long ago Tariffs: EU, E
4、FTA, Japan,NAMA,Tariffs only Most efforts to be made by developing countries (despite special and differential treatment) But many are exempt of actual tariff reductions: Small and Vulnerable Economies, LDCs,Export subsidies,Not really damaging in a deterministic world (stable prices and production)
5、, except for countries strongly specialised in agriculture The world is not deterministic, especially in agriculture Export subsidies (and tariffs) used to moderate internal instability, to the expense of other countries Early agreement to phase out all export subsidies by 2013,Modelling,Based on th
6、e Mirage model (CEPII) + MAcMap data (ITC, CEPII) Some data missing (historical AMS for instance) relied on INRA work (J-C Bureau, J-P Butault) for static impact Inflation and growth: all commitments (except de minimis) expressed in LCU,Inflation issue (illustrated),Inflation issue (continued),Not t
7、aking it into account leads to Overestimate the effect of export subsidy suppression Underestimate the effect of domestic support reduction Overall, broadly neutral on agricultural production as a whole for the EU, but significant differences at the product level (milk, sugar),Tariff reductions,Agri
8、culture: tiered formulas Sensitive products (tariff-rate quotas) Special products Tariff escalation issue Tropical products NAMA: Swiss formulas Sensitive products for developing countries Anti-concentration clause,Implementation,Formulas applied to bound tariffs, at the HS6 level (MAcMap-HS6 2004)
9、Impact on applied tariffs Aggregated at the sector and region level,Other subjects,Services Developed and emerging countries, on a free basis Much less quantified at this stage Trade facilitation Potential source of significant gains Not really a negotiation issue,Mirage,Computable General Equilibri
10、um Model of the World economy Sequential dynamics setting Capital accumulation Exogenous labour, population and TFP growth Exogenous labour supply & unemployment Based on GTAP, MAcMap and other data sources (ILO, IMF, .),Scenarios,Goods: December 08 proposals Services: Study 1: 3% cut for country pa
11、rticipating in the specific negotiations on services Study 2: 10% cut of the estimated ad-valorem equivalent of barriers to services trade, all countries except Sub-Saharan Africa and Rest of the World (mostly non-WTO members) really optimistic,World welfare,Welfare: industrialized regions,Welfare:
12、Asia,Welfare: Latin America,Welfare losses,Sources of gains / losses,Allocation efficiency: gains especially generated on high tariffs Terms of trade: balance of concessions & preference erosion Capital accumulation,Employment in agricultural sectors,NAMA exports (selected, bn USD),NAMA production (
13、selected, bn USD),Trade facilitation,Based on estimates of time spent to export and import, by Minor and Tsigas Time spent at the port supposed to partially converge to the median performance, for all countries over that median No reduction of transport cost assumed Expressed as an iceberg costMinor
14、 P. & Tsigas M. 2008. “Impacts of Better Trade Facilitation in Developing Countries, Analysis with a New GTAP Database for the Value of Time in Trade”, GTAP 11th Conference, Helsinki. USAID 2007. “Calculating Tariff Equivalents for Time in Trade”, March,Trade facilitation impact,Adds almost 100 bn U
15、SD gain per year (from 68 bn to 167 bn) Especially favorable to developing countries, in particular Sub-Saharan Africa Lack of a clear commitment by all partners to let trade facilitation benefits be an outcome of Doha negotiations,Limitations of the methodology,Actual impacts of export subsidies no
16、t properly measured in a deterministic framework Preference erosion may be overestimated: rules of origin actually reduce current preference benefits + importance of the EU in Sub-Saharan Africa tend to decrease more quickly than projected Impact on poverty and inequality not assessed Possible impac
17、t of trade competition on productivity not accounted for,Conclusion,Balanced proposal, employment in agriculture rises in developing countries Concern on preference erosion Conservative estimates: benefits expected to be at least as large as the ones mentioned Current situation corresponds to a non-cooperative equilibrium,
