1、Electronic Reserves: Practices and Concerns 电子教学参考服务： 实践与困扰,Shuqin Jiao Pius XII Memorial Library Saint Louis University Jiaos2slu.edu 焦书勤 美国圣路易斯大学图书馆 October 2008,What is Reserve Services,Lost in Translation预存服务 (必須科目用参考図書) - ALA Multilingual Glossary 教师指定参考书 国立台湾大学 Taiwan University 教学参考信息系统 清华大学
2、Qinghua University 教学参考系统 厦门大学 Xiamen University 高校教学参考信息管理与服务系统 - CALIS,What is Reserve Services,High-Demanded Materials 高需求读物 Short Loan 短期出借 Faculty Recommended Materials 教师提供的教学读物 Close Stack 闭架管理 Dynamic 随课季变动,Brief History 历史回顾 (一),The Era of “Originals”: 1870s-1939 原作时代Harvard College (Cited
3、in Library Journal ,1938) 哈佛大学 - 1878 (图书馆期刊1938 ） Issues 议题 Duplicate copies or not ? 购买复本？ Rental Collections 租借图书,Brief History 历史回顾 (二),The Rise of the Copy Machine : 1940-1975 文献复制时代“ A new method of Photography” ( New York Times, Nov. 22, 1940) 一种新的照相技术（纽约时报， 1940 年11月22日） Xerox 914 型复印机 （1959
4、） Issues: Copyright Law 版权问题,Brief History 历史回顾 (三) The World of Copyright 版权世界,Copyright and Fair Use 1976-1991 版权和公平使用 The 1976 Copyright Law Revision 版权法修改 Section 107: Fair Use 公平使用 Section 108: Reproduction by Libraries 图书馆文献复制 Classroom Guidelines 课堂指南* Brevity, Spontaneity, Cumulative effects
5、, and Copyright notice 简要、自发性、累积效应和版权告示 ALAs “Model Policy” 1978 美国图协模范政策 Kinkos （1991）案例,Brief History 历史回顾 (四),Electronic Reserves (1991- ) 电子教参服务 Early Experiments实验初期:1991-1994 Proliferation of Electronic Reserves飞速增长:1995-1999 Major issues 争论热点 Copyright or Copy Wrong Fair or Not Fair公平还是不公平 ？,
6、Type of Reserves 教参类别,Traditional Reserves 传统教参服务 Print Reserves Books, photocopies, audio-visual materials. (图书，复印品，视听材料） Automated Reserves 自动化预存系统/教学参考信息系统 Course Reserves (课程信息目录） Instructor 任课教师 Course 相关课程 Department 系别 List of Items 参考书目文献 Item records in the catalog (公共目录显示纸质,视听材料等） Electron
7、ic Reserves 电子教参典藏 Three Types Coexist Currently 三者共存,Automated Reserves 自动化教参,Listed in OPAC 在图书馆公共目录显示 Searched by Item Records 书目检索 Course Reserves (教参课程） Instructors name 教师姓名 Course number 课程代号 Department, etc.系别等 Check out, check in, and track the status in Circulation system. 流通系统追踪材料使用状态 Ver
8、tical files 散页文件,Docutek Screen shot,Electronic Reserves System 电子教参系统,Reserve materials are stored in electronic/digital format， typically pdf.教参资料以电子/数字化形式储存 24/7 access随时获取 Statistics 提供统计数据 Copyright Clearance Center 版权使用主管中心,Docutek Screen shot,The Educational Software Program/ Courseware 与教学软件
9、的区别,Some electronic reserves system functions Blackboard “黑板”, WebCT 有些教学软件有电子教参功能 Go beyond the storage and retrieval of readings 大于存储检索功能 Course management functions 课程管理功能 online quizzes 网络考试 Record keeping for grades 记录成绩 Interactive features chat, posting 互动功能：聊天室，留言板 other course materialsaudi
10、o/video streams音频， 视频等,Why E-Reserves? 电子教参工作流程,Electronic Reserves 1. Instructor submits materials for reserve 2. library processes materials for scanning 3. library processes copyright clearance 4. library scans and mounts materials on serverRosedale, J (2002) P.24-25,Traditional Reserves1. Instru
11、ctor submits materials for reserve 2. Library processes materials for circulation 3. Library processes copyright clearance 4. library files materials for access 5. library makes materials available for checkout 6. Students request materials at desk 7. Library retrieves materials 8. Library checks ou
12、t materials out to student 9. Student uses materials 10. Student returns materials to desk 11. library files materials 12 repeat steps 6-11,Statistics,Five-year (insert screen shot),SLU Current Concerns 目前关切问题,Workflow 工作流程 Rush time 开学尖峰 Faculty self-services 教师自助 Courseware ERes module 教学软件教参功能 Co
13、pyright expenses 版权花费 Multimedia? 多媒体材料 Fair Use 公平使用,Policy and guidelines 政策和指南,Copyright Guidelines for determining fair use are as follows. the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; the nature of the copyr
14、ighted work - factual or non-fiction works vs. highly creative works such as art, music, or novels; the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. http:/librar
15、ies.slu.edu/ereserves/reservesgde.html * Check List http:/copyright.iupui.edu/checklist.htm*,Copyright and Fair Use 版权和公平使用,Copyright and Fair Use 1976-1991 版权和公平使用 The 1976 Copyright Law Revision 版权法修改 Section 107: Fair Use 合法使用 Section 108: Reproduction by Libraries 图书馆文献复制 Classroom Guidelines 课堂
16、指南* Brevity, Spontaneity, Cumulative effects, and Copyright notice 简要、自发性、累积效应和版权告示 ALAs “Model Policy” 1978 美国图协模范政策 Kinkos （1991）案例,Section 107: Fair Use 版权法107条：公平使用,The Fair-Use Statute Section 107 of the Copyright Act of 1976. Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use Notwithstanding the provis
17、ions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified in that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarshi
18、p, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include:The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educationa
19、l purposes; The nature of the copyrighted work; The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a findi
20、ng of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors.,版权法107条：公平/合理使用,版权作品的合理使用，包括复制成拷贝或录音带、或用该条款规定的其他手段作批评、评论、新闻报道、教学（包括在课堂上使用多份拷贝）、学术研究等使用，决不是对版权的侵权。审定特定情况下作品的使用是否为合理使用，需要考虑如下要素：（1）使用的目的和性质，包括这种使用是否带有商业性质，或者是 否为非盈利性的教育目的；（2）版权作品的性质；（3）被使用部分的数量和实质，与整部版权作品作比较；（4）使用对版权作品
21、的潜在市场或价值产生的影响。作品还尚未出版，这种情况自身不能阻止对合理使用的调查，如果这种调查是依据上述所有要素进行的。http:/ Court Case Summaries on Fair Use,Basic Books, Inc. v. Kinkos Graphics Corp.,758 F.Supp. 1522 (S.D.N.Y. 1991). Kinkos was held to be infringing copyrights when it photocopied book chapters for sale to students as “coursepacks“ for the
22、ir university classes. Purpose: When conducted by Kinkos, the copying was for commercial purposes, and not for educational purposes. Nature: Most of the works were factualhistory, sociology, and other fields of studya factor which weighed in favor of fair use. Amount: The court analyzed the percenta
23、ge of each work, finding that five to twenty-five percent of the original full book was excessive. Effect: The court found a direct effect on the market for the books, because the coursepacks competed directly with the potential sales of the original books as assigned reading for the students. Concl
24、usion: Three of the four factors leaned against fair use. The court specifically refused to rule that all coursepacks are infringements, requiring instead that each item in the “anthology“ be subject individually to fair-use scrutiny. http:/copyright.iupui.edu/FUcategor.htm,Copyright and Intellectua
25、l Property 版权与知识产权,（一）Negotiation (协商） CONFU (Conference on Fair Use)， 1994公平使用大会 Publishers v. Librarians 出版商图书馆员之争The Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights in the Electronic Environment （green paper, July 1994) 电子环境下的知识产权工作组 Back ground: Distant Learning 远距离教学 Multimedia 多媒体 Electronic Res
26、erves 电子教参 Interlibrary Loan 馆际互借 Image Collections 图片,Copyright and Intellectual Property 版权与知识产权,（二）Litigation 诉讼打官司 Texaco （1994） American Geophysical UnionMichigan Document Services （1996） Princeton University Press,Copyright and Intellectual Property 版权与知识产权,(三）Legislation (立法）1998 DMCA (Digita
27、l Millennium Copyright Act) 千年数码版权法案 2002 TEACH Act (Technology, Education and Copyright Harmonization Act)技术、教育和版权和谐法案,E- Reserves Cases 电子教参近期案例,2006 Cornell vs. APP (Association of American Publishers) Cornell Electronic Reserves Guidelines* 2008 Georgia State E-reserves Lawsuit,Future of the e-R
28、eserves 电子教参的前景与未来,Libraries will no longer provide course reserves 不再提供教参服务 Libraries will offer only very limited course reserve services 有限地提供教参课程服务 Libraries will offer expanded, multi-faceted course reserve services 更广泛多面性服务Austin (2004),Reference and Handouts 参考读物,Reference 参考读物 Austin, Brice
29、(2004). Reserves, Electronic Reserves and Copyright: The past and the future. Haworth. 106 p. Rosedale, Jeff (ed.) (2002). Managing Electronic Reserves. American Library Association. 196p. Leonhardt, Thomas W. (2006). Handbook of Electronic and Digital Acquisitions. Haworth. 160 p Handouts 发放材料 Classroom Guidelines SLU Reserve Guidelines and Procedures Copyright Check list Cornell Electronic Policy,Questions？ 问答,
