1、End-to-end Data-flow Parallelism for Throughput Optimization in High-speed Networks,Esma Yildirim Data Intensive Distributed Computing Laboratory University at Buffalo (SUNY) Condor Week 2011,Motivation,Data grows larger hence the need for speed to transfer it Technology develops with the introducti
2、on of high-speed networks and complex computer architectures which are not fully utilized yet Still many questions are out in the uncertainty,I can not receive the speed I am supposed to get from the network,I have a 10G high-speed network and supercomputers connecting. Why do I still get under 1G t
3、hroughput?,I cant wait for a new protocol to replace the current ones, why cant I get high throughput with what I have at hand?,OK, may be I am asking too much but I want to get optimal settings to achieve maximal throughput,I want to get high throughput without congesting the traffic too much. How
4、can I do it in the application level?,2,Introduction,Users of data-intensive applications need intelligent services and schedulers that will provide models and strategies to optimize their data transfer jobs Goals: Maximize throughput Minimize model overhead Do not cause contention among users Use m
5、inimum number of end-system resources,3,Introduction,Current optical technology supports 100 G transport hence, the utilization of network brings a challenge to the middleware to provide faster data transfer speeds Achieving multiple Gbps throughput have become a burden over TCP-based networks Paral
6、lel streams can solve the problem of network utilization inefficiency of TCP Finding the optimal number of streams is a challenging task With faster networks end-systems have become the major source of bottleneck CPU, NIC and Disk Bottleneck We provide models to decide on the optimal number of paral
7、lelism and CPU/disk stripes,4,Outline,Stork Overview End-system Bottlenecks End-to-end Data-flow Parallelism Optimization Algorithm Conclusions and Future Work,5,Stork Data Scheduler,Implements state-of-the art models and algorithms for data scheduling and optimization Started as part of the Condor
8、project as PhD thesis of Dr. Tevfik Kosar Currently developed at University at Buffalo and funded by NSF Heavily uses some Condor libraries such as ClassAds and DaemonCore,6,Stork Data Scheduler (cont.),Stork v.2.0 is available with enhanced features http:/www.storkproject.org Supports more than 20
9、platforms (mostly Linux flavors) Windows and Azure Cloud support planned soon The most recent enhancement: Throughput Estimation and Optimization Service,7,End-to-end Data Transfer,Method to improve the end-to-end data transfer throughput Application-level Data Flow Parallelism Network level paralle
10、lism (parallel streams) Disk/CPU level parallelism (stripes),8,Network Bottleneck,Step1: Effect of Parallel Streams on Disk-to-disk Transfers Parallel streams can improve the data throughput but only to a certain extent Disk speed presents a major limitation. Parallel streams may have an adverse eff
11、ect if the disk speed upper limit is already reached,9,Disk Bottleneck,Step2: Effect of Parallel Streams on Memory-to-memory Transfers and CPU Utilization Once disk bottleneck is eliminated, parallel streams improve the throughput dramatically Throughput either becomes stable or falls down after rea
12、ching its peak due to network or end-system limitations. Ex:The network interface card limit(10G) could not be reached (e.g.7.5Gbps-internode),10,CPU Bottleneck,Step3: Effect of Striping and Removal of CPU Bottleneck Striped transfers improves the throughput dramatically Network card limit is reache
13、d for inter-node transfers(9Gbps),11,Prediction of Optimal Parallel Stream Number,Throughput formulation : Newtons Iteration Model a , b and c are three unknowns to be solved hence 3 throughput measurements of different parallelism level (n) are needed Sampling strategy: Exponentially increasing par
14、allelism levels Choose points not close to each other Select points that are power of 2: 1, 2, 4, 8, , 2k Stop when the throughput starts to decrease or increase very slowly comparing to the previous level Selection of 3 data points From the available sampling points For every 3-point combination, c
15、alculate the predicted throughput curve Find the distance between the actual and predicted throughput curve Choose the combination with the minimum distance,12,Flow Model of End-to-end Throughput,CPU nodes are considered as nodes of a maximum flow problem Memory-to-memory transfers are simulated wit
16、h dummy source and sink nodes The capacities of disk and network is found by applying parallel stream model by taking into consideration of resource capacities (NIC & CPU),13,Flow Model of End-to-end Throughput,Convert the end-system and network capacities into a flow problem Goal: Provide maximal p
17、ossible data transfer throughput given real-time traffic (maximize(Th) Number of streams per stripe (Nsi) Number of stripes per node (Sx) Number of nodes (Nn),14,Assumptions Parameters not given and found by the model: Available network capacity (Unetwork) Available disk system capacity (Udisk) Para
18、meters given CPU capacity (100% assuming they are idle at the beginning of the transfer) (UCPU) NIC capacity (UNIC) Number of available nodes (Navail),Flow Model of End-to-end Throughput,Variables: Uij = Total capacity of each arc from node i to node j Uf= Maximal (optimal) capacity of each flow (st
19、ripe) Nopt = Number of streams for Uf Xij = Total amount of flow passing i j Xfk = Amount of each flow (stripe) NSi= Number of streams to be used for Xfkij Sxij= Number of stripes passing i j Nn = Number of nodes Inequalities: There is a high positive correlation between the throughput of parallel s
20、treams and CPU utilization The linear relation between CPU utilization and Throughput is presented as :a and b variables are solved by using the sampling throughput and CPU utilization measurements in regression of method of least squares,15,OPTB Algorithm for Homogeneous Resources,This algorithm fi
21、nds the best parallelism values for maximal throughput in homogeneous resources Input parameters: A set of sampling values from sampling algorithm (ThN) Destination CPU, NIC capacities (UCPU, UNIC) Available number of nodes (Navail) Output: Number of streams per stripe (Nsi) Number of stripes per no
22、de (Sx) Number of nodes (Nn) Assumes both source and destination nodes are idle,16,OPTB-Application Case Study,17,9Gbps,Systems: Oliver, Eric Network: LONI (Local Area) Processor: 4 cores Network Interface: 10GigE Ethernet Transfer: Disk-to-disk (Lustre) Available number of nodes: 2,OPTB-Application
23、 Case Study,18,9Gbps,ThNsi=903.41Mbps p=1 ThNsi=954.84 Mbps p=2 ThNsi=990.91 Mbps p=4 ThNsi=953.43 Mbps p=8,Nopt=3 Nsi=2,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,
24、1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,OPTB-Application Case Study,19,9Gbps,Sx=2 ThSx1,2,2=1638.48 Sx=4 ThSx1,4,2=3527.23 Sx=8 ThSx2,4,2=4229.33,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= S
25、xij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,Nsi= Sxij=,2,1,2,1,2,1,1,2,1,2,1,2,1,2,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,8,2,4,2,4,2,4,8,2,4,2,4,2,4,8,OPTB-LONI-memory-to-memory-10G,20,OPTB-LONI-memory-to-memory-1G-Algorithm Overhead,21,Conclusions,We ha
26、ve achieved end-to-end data transfer throughput optimization with data flow parallelism Network level parallelism Parallel streams End-system parallelism CPU/Disk striping At both levels we have developed models that predict best combination of stream and stripe numbers,22,Future work,We have focuse
27、d on TCP and GridFTP protocols and we would like to adjust our models for other protocols We have tested these models in 10G network and we plan to test it using a faster network We would like to increase the heterogeneity among the nodes in source or destination,23,Acknowledgements,This project is
28、in part sponsored by the National Science Foundation under award numbers CNS-1131889 (CAREER) Research & Theory OCI-0926701 (Stork) SW Design & Implementation CCF-1115805 (CiC) Stork for Windows Azure We also would like to thank to Dr. Miron Livny and the Condor Team for their continuous support to the Stork project.http:/www.storkproject.org,24,
