1、ENERGY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF BOILERS,Introduction,Performance of the boiler, like efficiency and evaporation ratio reduces with time, due to Poor combustion, Heat transfer fouling Poor operation and maintenance. Deterioration of fuel quality and water quality also leads to poor performance of bo
2、iler.,Introduction,Efficiency testing helps us to find out how far the boiler efficiency drifts away from the best efficiency. Any observed abnormal deviations could therefore be investigated to pinpoint the problem area for necessary corrective action. Hence it is necessary to find out the current
3、level of efficiency for performance evaluation, which is a pre requisite for energy conservation action in industry.,Purpose of the Performance Test,To find out the efficiency of the boiler To find out the Evaporation ratioThe purpose of the performance test is to determine actual performance and ef
4、ficiency of the boiler and compare it with design values or norms. It is an indicator for tracking day-to-day and season-to-season variations in boiler efficiency and energy efficiency improvements.,Performance Terms and Definitions,Reference Standards,British standards, BS845: 1987,ASME Standard: P
5、TC-4-1 Power Test Code for Steam Generating Units,IS 8753: Indian Standard for Boiler Efficiency Testing,British standards, BS845: 1987,The British Standard BS845: 1987 describes the methods and conditions under which a boiler should be tested to determine its efficiency. For the testing to be done,
6、 the boiler should be operated under steady load conditions (generally full load) for a period of one hour after which readings would be taken during the next hour of steady operation to enable the efficiency to be calculated.,British standards, BS845: 1987 contd,The efficiency of a boiler is quoted
7、 as the % of useful heat available, expressed as a percentage of the total energy potentially available by burning the fuel. This is expressed on the basis of gross calorific value (GCV).,British standards, BS845: 1987 contd,This deals with the complete heat balance and it has two parts: . Part I de
8、als with standard boilers, where the indirect method is specified . Part II deals with complex plant where there are many channels of heat flow. In this case, both the direct and indirect methods are applicable, in whole or in part.,ASME Standard: PTC-4-1 Power Test Code for Steam Generating Units,T
9、his consists of . Part One: Direct method (also called as Input -output method) . Part Two: Indirect method (also called as Heat loss method),IS 8753: Indian Standard for Boiler Efficiency Testing,Most standards for computation of boiler efficiency, including IS 8753 and BS845 are designed for spot
10、measurement of boiler efficiency. Invariably, all these standards do not include blow down as a loss in the efficiency determination process. Boiler efficiency can be tested by the following methods: 1) The Direct Method: Where the energy gain of the working fluid (water and steam) is compared with
11、the energy content of the boiler fuel. 2) The Indirect Method: Where the efficiency is the difference between the losses and the energy input.,The Direct Method Testing,Merits of Direct Method,Merits . Plant people can evaluate quickly the efficiency of boilers . Requires few parameters for computat
12、ion . Needs few instruments for monitoring,Demerits of Direct Method,Demerits . Does not give clues to the operator as to why efficiency of system is lower . Does not calculate various losses accountable for various efficiency levels . Evaporation ratio and efficiency may mislead, if the steam is hi
13、ghly wet due to water carryover,The Indirect Method Testing,Losses in the Boiler,The following losses are applicable to liquid, gas and solid fired boiler L1. Loss due to dry flue gas (sensible heat) L2. Loss due to hydrogen in fuel (H2) L3. Loss due to moisture in fuel (H2O) L4. Loss due to moistur
14、e in air (H2O) L5. Loss due to carbon monoxide (CO),Losses in the Boiler Cont,L6. Loss due to surface radiation, convection and other unaccounted*Losses which are insignificant and are difficult to measure. The following losses are applicable to solid fuel fired boiler in addition to above L7. Unbur
15、nt losses in fly ash (Carbon) L8. Unburnt losses in bottom ash (Carbon) Boiler Efficiency by indirect method = 100 - (L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + L5 + L6 + L7 + L8),Measurements Required for Performance Assessment Testing,a) Flue gas analysis 1. Percentage of CO2 or O2 in flue gas 2. Percentage of CO in flu
16、e gas 3. Temperature of flue gas,Measurements Required for Performance Assessment Testing,b) Flow meter measurements for 1. Fuel 2. Steam 3. Feed water 4. Condensate water 5. Combustion air,Measurements Required for Performance Assessment Testing,c) Temperature measurements for 1. Flue gas 2. Steam
17、3. Makeup water 4. Condensate return 5. Combustion air 6. Fuel 7. Boiler feed water,Measurements Required for Performance Assessment Testing,d) Pressure measurements for1. Steam2. Fuel3. Combustion air, both primary and secondary4. Draft,Measurements Required for Performance Assessment Testing,e) Wa
18、ter condition1. Total dissolved solids (TDS)2. pH3. Blow down rate and quantity,TYPICAL INSTRUMENTS,Test Conditions and Precautions,A) The efficiency test does not account for: . Standby losses. Efficiency test is to be carried out, when the boiler is operating under a steady load. Therefore, the co
19、mbustion efficiency test does not reveal standby losses,which occur between firing intervals . Blow down loss. The amount of energy wasted by blow down varies over a wide range. . Soot blower steam. The amount of steam used by soot blowers is variable that depends on the type of fuel. . Auxiliary eq
20、uipment energy consumption. The combustion efficiency test does not account for the energy usage by auxiliary equipments, such as burners, fans, and pumps.,Test Conditions and Precautions,B) Preparations and pre conditions for testing . Burn the specified fuel(s) at the required rate. . Do the tests
21、 while the boiler is under steady load. Avoid testing during warming up of boilers from a cold condition . Obtain the charts /tables for the additional data. . Determination of general method of operation . Sampling and analysis of fuel and ash. . Ensure the accuracy of fuel and ash analysis in the
22、laboratory. . Check the type of blow down and method of measurement . Ensure proper operation of all instruments. . Check for any air infiltration in the combustion zone.,Test Conditions and Precautions,C) Flue gas sampling location It is suggested that the exit duct of the boiler be probed and trav
23、ersed to find the location of the zone of maximum temperature. This is likely to coincide with the zone of maximum gas flow and is therefore a good sampling point for both temperature and gas analysis.,Test Conditions and Precautions,D) Options of flue gas analysis Check the Oxygen Test with the Car
24、bon Dioxide Test If continuous-reading oxygen test equipment is installed in boiler plant, use oxygen reading. Occasionally use portable test equipment that checks for both oxygen and carbon dioxide. If the carbon dioxide test does not give the same results as the oxygen test, something is wrong. On
25、e (or both) of the tests could be erroneous, perhaps because of stale chemicals or drifting instrument calibration. Another possibility is that outside air is being picked up along with the flue gas. This occurs if the combustion gas area operates under negative pressure and there are leaks in the b
26、oiler casing.,Test Conditions and Precautions,Carbon Monoxide Test The carbon monoxide content of flue gas is a good indicator of incomplete combustion with all types of fuels, as long as they contain carbon. Carbon monoxide in the flue gas is minimal with ordinary amounts of excess air, but it rise
27、s abruptly as soon as fuel combustion starts to be incomplete.,Test Conditions and Precautions,E) Planning for the testing . The testing is to be conducted for a duration of 4 to 8 hours in a normal production day. . Advanced planning is essential for the resource arrangement of manpower, fuel, wate
28、r and instrument check etc and the same to be communicated to the Operation and Maintenance Departments. . Sufficient quantity of fuel stock and water storage required for the test duration should be arranged so that a test is not disrupted due to non-availability of fuel and water.,Test Conditions
29、and Precautions,E) Planning for the testing contd . Necessary sampling point and instruments are to be made available with working condition. . Lab Analysis should be carried out for fuel, flue gas and water in coordination with lab personnel. . The steam table, psychometric chart, calculator comput
30、er etc are to be arranged for computation of boiler efficiency.,Calculation Procedure and Formulae,In order to calculate the boiler efficiency by indirect method, all the losses that occur in the boiler must be established. These losses are conveniently related to the amount of fuel burnt. In this w
31、ay it is easy to compare the performance of various boilers with different ratings.,Performance Testing of Boilers Sample Input Parameters - 1,INPUT PARAMETERS - 2,Sample Inputs,Computations - 1,Ultimate Analysis of Coal on As Fired Basis,Carbon%= (Fixed Carbon AD+0.9(Vol.Matter AD-14)*GCVAF/GCVAD S
32、ulphur%= 0.4* GCVAF/GCVAD Hyd.%= Vol.Matter AD *(7.35/(Vol.Matter AD +10)-0.013)* GCVAF/GCVAD Moisture% = Moisture AF Nitrogen% = (2.1-0.012* Vol.Matter AD )* GCVAF/GCVAD Oxy%=(100-(Hyd%+Carbon%+N2+Ash AD+Moist AD)* GCVAF/GCVAD Ash% = Ash% Ash AF Gross Cal. Value = GCV AF,Step-I Conversion of Proxim
33、ate Analysis to Ultimate Analysis,However it is suggested to get a ultimate analysis of the fuel fired periodically from a reputed laboratory.,The Air Required,Theoretical (stoichiometric) air fuel ratio and excess air supplied are to be determined first for computing the boiler losses. The formula
34、is given on the next slide for the same.,Boiler Losses Calculations,1. Heat loss due to dry flue gas This is the greatest boiler loss and can be calculated with the following formula:,Calculation of Boiler Losses,A: Simple method can be used for determining the dry flue gas loss as given below.m x C
35、p x (Tf . Ta) x 100 a) Percentage heat loss due to dry flue gas = GCV of fuel Total mass of flue gas (m)/kg of fuel = mass of actual air supplied/kg of fuel + 1 kg of fuel Note-2: Water vapour is produced from Hydrogen in fuel, moisture present in fuel and air during the combustion. The losses due t
36、o these components have not been included in the dry flue gas loss since they are separately calculated as a wet flue gas loss.,Calculation of Boiler Losses,2. Heat loss due to evaporation of water formed due to H2 in fuel (%) The combustion of hydrogen causes a heat loss because the product of comb
37、ustion is water. This water is converted to steam and this carries away heat in the form of its latent heat.,Calculation of Boiler Losses,3. Heat loss due to moisture present in fuel Moisture entering the boiler with the fuel leaves as a superheated vapour. This moisture loss is made up of the sensi
38、ble heat to bring the moisture to boiling point, the latent heat of evaporation of the moisture, and the superheat required to bring this steam to the temperature of the exhaust gas. This loss can be calculated with the following formula,Calculation of Boiler Losses,4. Heat loss due to moisture pres
39、ent in air Vapour in the form of humidity in the incoming air, is superheated as it passes through the boiler. Since this heat passes up the stack, it must be included as a boiler loss. To relate this loss to the mass of coal burned, the moisture content of the combustion air and the amount of air s
40、upplied per unit mass of coal burned must be known. The mass of vapour that air contains can be obtained from psychrometric charts and typical values are included in the next slide alongwith the formula for calculation of loss.,Calculation of Boiler Losses,Calculation of Boiler Losses,5. Heat loss d
41、ue to incomplete combustion: Products formed by incomplete combustion could be mixed with oxygen and burned again with a further release of energy. Such products include CO, H2, and various hydrocarbons and are generally found in the flue gas of the boilers. Carbon monoxide is the only gas whose con
42、centration can be determined conveniently in a boiler plant test. Calculation Formulae on the next slide,Calculation of Boiler Losses,Calculation of Boiler Losses,6. Heat loss due to radiation and convection: The other heat losses from a boiler consist of the loss of heat by radiation and convection
43、 from the boiler casting into the surrounding boiler house. Normally surface loss and other unaccounted losses is assumed based on the type and size of the boiler as given below For industrial fire tube / packaged boiler = 1.5 to 2.5% For industrial water tube boiler = 2 to 3% For power station boil
44、er = 0.4 to 1% However it can be calculated if the surface area of boiler and its surface temperature are known (Given in the next slide),Calculation of Boiler Losses,6. Heat loss due to radiation and convection contd,Calculation of Boiler Losses,Heat loss due to unburned carbon in fly ash and botto
45、m ash: Small amounts of carbon will be left in the ash and this constitutes a loss of potential heat in the fuel. To assess these heat losses, samples of ash must be analyzed for carbon content. The quantity of ash produced per unit of fuel must also be known. 7. Heat loss due to unburnt in fly ash
46、(%).Total ash collected / kg of fuel burnt x G.C.V of fly ash x 100 L7 = GCV of fuel 8. Heat loss due to unburnt in bottom ash (%)Total ash collected per kg of fuel burnt x G.C.V of bottom ash x 100 L8 = GCV of fuel,Heat Balance of Boiler,Boiler Efficiency Calculations,Factors Affecting Boiler Performance,. Periodical cleaning of boilers . Periodical soot blowing . Proper water treatment programme and blow down control . Draft control . Excess air control . Percentage loading of boiler . Steam generation pressure and temperature . Boiler insulation . Quality of fuel,The End,Thanks,
