1、Intra-Abdominal Hypertension (IAH),Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (ACS),&,By: Tim Wolfe, MD Email: ,What was their intra-abdominal pressure?,Have you ever seen a critically ill patient become progressively more swollen and edematous after fluid resuscitation?Have any of your ICU patients developed r
2、enal failure requiring dialysis?Have you ever seen a patient develop multiple organ failure and die?,Case: Septic child,5 y.o. female presenting with septic syndrome Treatment: Fluids, antibiotics, vasopressors 24 hours into therapy develops worsening hypotension, oliguria, hypoxemia, hypercarbia. P
3、IP rises from 20 to 40 cm IAP = 26 mm Hg decompressive laparotomy Immediate resolution of renal, pulmonary and hemodynamic compromise 7 days later abdomen closed. Alive and well now.,DeCou, J Ped Surg 2000,Case: Dyspnea in ER,67 y.o. female presenting to ER with pleurisy, dyspnea Hypotensive, agitat
4、ed, H&P suggest liver dz IVF resuscitation, intubation, sedation Worsened over next 4-6 hours - Difficult to ventilate, hypoxic/hypercarbic, hypotension, no UOP. IAP = 45 mm Hg, abdominal ultrasound showed tense ascites paracentesis of 4500 cc fluid (IAP = 14) Immediate resolution of renal, pulmonar
5、y and hemodynamic compromise. Pathology shows malignant effusion pancreatic CA. Care withdrawn at later time and allowed to expire.,Etzion, Am J EM 2004,Case: Aspiration patient,77 y.o. male aspirated on general medicine floor. Transferred to MICU hypotensive. 10 liters IVF overnight, Levophed 40 mc
6、g/min. Anuric (35 ml urine in 8 hours). IAP = 31 mm Hg. KUB massively distended small and large bowel. U/S shows no free ascitic fluid. Surgeon consulted for possible decompressive surgery Rx: NGT, Rectal Tube, oral cathartics 1 hour later: IAP 12 mm Hg, UOP 210 ml, norepinephrine discontinued.,Chea
7、tham, WSACS 2006,Case Points,Trauma is not required for ACS to develop: Intra-abdominal hypertension and ACS occur in many settings (PICU, MICU, SICU, CVICU, NCC, OR, ER). IAP measurements are clinically useful: Help to determine if IAH is contributing to organ dysfunction (i.e. useful if normal or
8、abnormal) “Spot” IAP check results in delayed diagnosis: Waiting for clinically obvious ACS to develop before checking IAP changes urgent problem to emergent one. IAP monitoring will allow early detection and early intervention for IAH before ACS develops.,Definitions WCACS, Antwerp Belgium 2007,Int
9、ra-abdominal Pressure (IAP): Intrinsic pressure within the abdominal cavity Intra-abdominal Hypertension (IAH): An IAP 12 mm Hg (often causing occult ischemia) without obvious organ failureAbdominal Compartment Syndrome (ACS): IAH with at least one overt organ failing,Types of IAH /ACS WCACS, Antwer
10、p Belgium 2007,Primary Injury/disease of abdomino-pelvic region, “surgical”Secondary Sepsis, capillary leak, burns, “medical”Recurrent ACS develops despite surgical intervention,IAP Interpretation,Pressure (mm Hg) Interpretation0-5 Normal5-10 Common in most ICU patients 12 (Grade I) Intra-abdominal
11、hypertension16-20 (Grade II) Dangerous IAH - begin non-invasive interventions21-25 (Grade III) Impending abdominal compartment syndrome - strongly consider decompressive laparotomy,Physiologic Insult/Critical Illness,Ischemia,Inflammatory response,Capillary leak,Tissue Edema (Including bowel wall an
12、d mesentery),Intra-abdominal hypertension,Fluid resuscitation,Causes of Intra-abdominal Pressure (IAP) Elevation,Major abdominal / retroperitoneal problemIschemic insult / SIRS requiring fluid resuscitation with a positive fluid balance of 5 or more liters within 24 hours (10 lb weight gain) Where d
13、oes all that fluid go?,Intra-abdominal Hypertension & Abdominal Compartment Syndrome,Physiologic Sequelae,Physiologic Sequelae,Cardiac: Increased intra-abdominal pressures cause: Compression of vena cava with reduced venous return Elevated intra-thoracic pressure with multiple negative cardiac effec
14、ts Result: Decreased cardiac output, increased SVR Increased cardiac workload Decreased tissue perfusion Misleading elevations of CVP and PAWP Cardiac insufficiency; cardiac arrest,Physiologic Sequelae,Pulmonary: Increased intra-abdominal pressures causes: Elevated diaphragm, reduced lung volumes &
15、alveolar inflation, stiff thoracic cage, increased interstitial fluidResult: Elevated intrathoracic pressure (which further reduces venous return to heart, exacerbating cardiac problems) Increased peak pressures, reduced tidal volumes Barotrauma - atelectasis, hypoxia, hypercarbia ARDS (indirect - e
16、xtrapulmonary),Physiologic Sequelae,Gastrointestinal: Increased intra-abdominal pressures causes: Compression / Congestion of mesenteric veins and capillaries Reduced cardiac output to the gut The result: Decreased gut perfusion, increased gut edema and leak Ischemia, necrosis Bacterial translocatio
17、n Development and perpetuation of SIRS Further increases in intra-abdominal pressure,Physiologic Sequelae,Renal: Elevated intra-abdominal pressure causes: Compression of renal veins, parenchyma Reduced cardiac output to kidneys The Result: Reduced blood flow to kidney Renal congestion and edema Decr
18、eased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Renal failure, oliguria/anuria Mortality of renal failure in ICU is over 50% - DO NOT WAIT for this to occur!,Physiologic Sequelae,Neuro: Elevated intra-abdominal pressure causes: Increases in intrathoracic pressure Increases in superior vena cava (SVC) pressur
19、e with reduction in drainage of SVC into the thorax The Result: Increased central venous pressure and IJ pressure Increased intracranial pressure Decreased cerebral perfusion pressure Cerebral edema, brain anoxia, brain injury,Circling the Drain,Intra-abdominal PressureMucosal Breakdown(Multi-System
20、 Organ Failure) Bacterial translocationAcidosis,Decreased O2 deliveryAnaerobic metabolism,Capillary leakFree radical formation,MSOF,IAH / ACS affects outcome,Points: IAH and ACS are common entities in the critical care environment (including your own). IAH and ACS increase morbidity, mortality and I
21、CU length of stay However: Clinical signs of IAH are unreliable and only show up late in the clinical course SO Early monitoring (TRENDING) & detection of IAH with early intervention is needed to reduce these complications.,Management of IAH and ACS,Abdominal Perfusion Pressure (APP),APP = MAP IAPAb
22、dominal perfusion pressure reflects actual gut perfusion better than IAP aloneOptimizing APP to 60 mm Hg should probably be primary endpoint,IAH/ACS Management: Decompressive Laparotomy,Decompressive Laparotomy,Delay in abdominal decompression may lead to intestinal ischemiaDecompress early!,Intra-A
23、bdominal Pressure Monitoring,Intra-Abdominal Pressure Monitoring,Bladder pressure monitoring through the Foley catheter is: The current standard for monitoring abdominal pressures (Consensus, World Congress ACS Dec 2004)Comparable to direct intraperitoneal pressure measurements, but is non-invasive
24、(Fusco 2001, Davis 2005, Risin 2006, Schachtrupp 2006)More reliable and reproducible than clinical judgment (Kirkpatrick, CJS 2000; Sugrue World J Surg 2002),“Home Made” Pressure Transducer Technique,Home-made assembly: Transducer 2 stopcocks 1 60 ml syringe, 1 tubing with saline bag spike / luer co
25、nnector 1 tubing with luer both ends 1 needle / angiocath Clamp for Foley Assembled sterilely in proper fashion,“Home Made” Pressure Transducer Technique,PROBLEMS: Home-made: No standardization Sterility issues Time consuming therefore it is used infrequently due to the hassle factor (i.e. not monit
26、oring - waiting for ACS) Data reproducibility errors - what are the costs / morbidity of inaccurate or delayed information? Other: Needle stick, recurrent penetration of sterile system, leaks, re-zeroing problems, failure to trend,Bladder Pressure Monitoring: How to do it,Commercially available devi
27、ces : Foley Manometer (Bladder manometer) CiMon (Gastric) Spiegelberg (Gastric) AbViser (Bladder transduction)Advantages Simple, standardized, reproducible, time-efficient, sterile,AbViser Intra-Abdominal Pressure Monitoring Kit,Closed system in-line with the Foley catheterOnce attached it is left i
28、n place during entire time IAP is measured.30 seconds to measure IAPStandardized measurementNo reproducibility errors,Intra-Abdominal Pressure Monitoring,How much fluid should be infused into the bladder? The minimal amount of fluid required to obtain a reliable IAP measurement. Too much fluid leads
29、 to bladder over distention and bladder wall compliance issues Currently it appears that one never needs more than 25 ml in an adult, less (10-20 ml) is probably adequate,WSACS Guidelines Cheatham, ICM 2006,Final Thoughts,Do NOT wait for signs of ACS to check IAP By then the patient has one foot in
30、the grave! You have lost your opportunity for medical therapyMonitor ALL high risk patients early and often: TREND IAP like a vital sign30-50+% of all ICU patients have some IAH and are at risk for ACS1 in 11 suffer full blown abdominal compartment syndrome,For More Information,IAH and ACS Educational Web sites:www.abdominal-compartment-syndrome.org http:/ Video to review concepts of monitor set-up: http:/ My email: ,
