1、INTRODUCTION TO CLEANER PRODUCTION (CP) CONCEPTS AND PRACTICE,For UNEP, Division of Technology, Industry, and Economics,Prepared by the Institute of Environmental Engineering (APINI) Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania,2,Contents,1. How did environmental strategies evolve?2. What is CP?3. How
2、 CP is applied in practice:CP practicesBenefits and barriersProcedures4. What is CP contribution to main stakeholders?GovernmentsFinancial institutions,3,Course Objective,At the completion of this course the participants will have understanding of :Evolution of environmental strategies, concept of s
3、ustainable developmentBasic concepts of preventive environmental approachesMethodology of CP implementation in industrial enterprisesHow to develop and implement CP project,4,Passive environmental strategies,Dilute & disperse,5,Reactive environmental strategies,end-of-pipe approaches,6,Reactive envi
4、ronmental strategies,7,Proactive environmental strategies: Cleaner Production,Prevention of Waste generation:Good housekeepingInput substitutionBetter process controlEquipment modificationTechnology changeOn-site recovery/reuseProduction of a useful by-productProduct modification,8,What is waste?,Th
5、ere are literally hundreds words for different types of waste:,greenhouse losshidden lossesleakagenon-conforming materialoverfillpackagingprocess lossreworksecond qualitystock losswashings and etc.,allowanceBODbrokecontaminated solidscore losscustomer returnsdamagedrainingdusteffluentevaporationfurn
6、ace loss,9,Waste is waste what ever you call it : take the opportunity to cut waste and increase profits!,!,10,Cleaner Production FinancingThe “Cost of Waste” Iceberg,THE HIDDEN COST OF WASTE,Company Image,Liability,Regulatory Compliance,Treatment & Disposal,Lost Raw Materials, Energy, Labor,Adapted
7、 from: Bierma, TJ., F.L. Waterstaraat, and J. Ostrosky. 1998. “Chapter 13: Shared Savings and Environmental Management Accounting,” from The Green Bottom Line. Greenleaf Publishing:England.,11,Where are you now?,Only a change in technology would eliminate waste completely We are optimising our proce
8、sses and achieving big cost reductions Waste is coming down as we change the way we work,We have identified our waste and monitoring it We plan to reduce waste Waste is cost and regulatory issue Waste is only disposal issue Waste is not an issue,12,Cleaner Production Definition,“The continuous appli
9、cation of an integrated preventive environmental strategy applied to processes, products, and services to increase overall efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment.”(United Nations Environment Programme),13,Continuous,Preventive,Integrated,STRATEGY for,Products,Processes,Services,Ri
10、sk Reduction,Humans,Environment,Cleaner Production Definition,14,alwaysreduces long-term liabilities which companies can face many years after pollution has been generated or disposed at a given site,Properly implemented CP :,15,Properly implemented CP :,usuallyincreases profitability lowers product
11、ion costs enhances productivity provides a rapid return on any capital or operating investments requiredincreases product yieldleads to the more efficient use of energy and raw materials,16,usually (continuation)results in improved product qualityincreases staff motivation relies on active worker pa
12、rticipation in idea generation and implementationreduces consumer risksreduces the risk of environmental accidentsis supported by employees, local communities, customers and the public,Properly implemented CP :,17,oftenavoids regulatory compliance costsleads to insurance savingsprovides enhanced acc
13、ess to capital from financial institutions and lenders is fast and easy to implementrequires little capital investment,Properly implemented CP :,18,Cleaner Production principles,precaution principle preventive principleintegration principle,19,How CP could be applied in practice?,20,Cleaner Producti
14、on practices,1. Good housekeepingtake appropriate managerial and operational actions to prevent: - leaks - spills - to enforce existingoperationalinstructions,21,Cleaner Production practices,2. Input substitutionsubstitute input materials - by less toxic - or by renewable materials - or by adjunct m
15、aterials which have a longer service life-time in production,22,Cleaner Production practices,3. Better process controlmodify:operational proceduresequipment instructions and process record keeping in order to run the processes more efficiently and at lower waste and emission generation rates,23,Clea
16、ner Production practices,4. Equipment modificationmodify the existing production equipment and utilities in order:run the processes at higher efficiencylower waste and emission generation rates,24,Cleaner Production practices,5. Technology changereplacement of:the technologyprocessing sequencesynthe
17、sis pathway in order to minimise waste and emission generation during production,25,Cleaner Production practices,6. On-site recovery/reuse- reuse of the wasted materials in the same process for another useful application within the company,26,Cleaner Production practices,7. Production of a useful by
18、-productconsider transforming waste into a useful by-product, to be sold as input for companies in different business sectors.,27,Cleaner Production practices,8. Product modificationmodify the product characteristics in order: to minimise the environmental impacts of the product during or after its
19、use (disposal) to minimise the environmental impacts of its production,28,CP versus End-of-Pipe approach,Cleaner ProductionContinuous improvementProgress towards use of closed loop or continuous cycle processesEveryone in the community has a role to play; partnerships are essential Active anticipati
20、on and avoidance of pollution and wasteElimination of environmental problems at their sourceInvolves new practices, attitudes and management techniques and stimulates technical advances,Pollution Control and Waste ManagementOne-off solutions to individual problems Processes result in waste materials
21、 for disposal a pipeline with resources in and wastes out Solutions are developed by experts often in isolation Reactive responses to pollution and waste after they are created Pollutants are controlled by waste treatment equipment and methods Relies mainly on technical improvements to existing tech
22、nologies,29,What is not CP?,Off-site recycling Transferring hazardous wastesWaste treatment Concentrating hazardous or toxic constituents to reduce volume Diluting constituents to reduce hazard or toxicity,30,What are the benefits of Cleaner Production?,Improving environmental situation,Increasing e
23、conomical benefits,Increasing productivity,Gaining competitive advantage,Continuous environmental improvement,31,CP barriers,Internal to the companies:,32,CP barriers,External to the companies:,The failure of existing regulatory approaches,33,CP motivators and drivers,Internal to the companies:,- Im
24、provements in productivity and competitiveness- Environmental management systems and continuous improvement- Environmental leadership- Corporate environmental reports- Environmental accounting,34,CP motivators and drivers,External to the companies:,- Innovative regulation- Economic incentives- Educa
25、tion and training- Buyer supplier relations,- Soft loans from Financial institutions- Community involvement- International trade incentives,35,The role of international organizations in CP development,United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNID
26、O)Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)Development Finance Institutions (DFIs),36,Team for CP success,Managers, engineers and finance people in industry and commerce, in particular those responsible for business strate
27、gy, product development, plant operations and financeGovernment officials, both central and regional, who play an important role in promoting CPMedia representatives who play an important role in disseminating information on good environmental practice,37,Cleaner Production procedures,The recognized
28、 need to minimise waste,Planning and Organization,Assessment Phase,Feasibility Analysis Phase,Implementation,Successfully implemented CP projects,The first step,The second step,The third step,The fourth step,38,1. Planning & Organization,Obtain management commitmentIdentify potential barriers and so
29、lutionsSet plant-wide goalsOrganize a project team,39,2. Assessment,Identify sourcesIdentify waste/ pollution causesGenerate possible options,40,Material and energy balances,41,Why are material and energy balances so important?,The material and energy balances are not only used to identify the input
30、s and outputs of mass and energy but their economic significance is related to costs, such as: cost of raw material in waste cost of final product in waste cost of energy losses cost of handling waste cost of handling waste cost of transporting waste cost of solid wastes disposal cost of pollution c
31、harges and penalties,42,Possible causes for waste generation,43,Option generation (1),Creative Problem Solving (CPS): Find facts Identify the problem Generate ideas to solve the problems Define criteria to be used to select solutions/ideasScreening of ideas / options: Select all ideas/options that m
32、ay be implemented immediately The remaining options/ideas should then be divided into three boxes: Good housekeeping Interesting options but more analysis is needed Waiting box + Rejected Weighted sum method to prioritise options in second group: What are the main benefits to be gained by implementi
33、ng this option? Does the necessary technology exist to implement the option? How much does it cost? Does it appear to be cost effective, meriting in depth economic feasibility assessment? Can the option be implemented within a reasonable timeframe without disrupting production?,44,Option generation
34、(2) Traditional brainstorming,Formulate problem (problem identification) Define objective of the brainstorming session Follow the rules of brainstorming: Select a secretary to write down all ideas (The secretary cant take part in the idea generation) Select a group leader (the group leader shall con
35、trol that the four main rules are followed) Close the idea generation after 30-40 minutes,45,CP assessment practices,46,3. Feasibility Studies,Preliminary evaluation Technical evaluation Economic evaluation Environmental evaluation Selection of feasible options,47,Capital investment Annual operating
36、 cost savings,Payback Period,- period of time (years) needed to generate enough cash flow to recover the initial investment,Payback period =,_,48,4. Implementation & Continuation,Prepare a CP plan Implement feasible CP measures Monitor CP progress Sustain Cleaner Production,49,CP attacks the problem
37、 at several levels at once. The implementation of an industry/plant level programme requires,the commitment of top management a systematic approach to CP in all aspects of the production processes,50,51,CP and main stakeholders,52,How can governments promote CP?,Applying regulationsUsing economic in
38、strumentsProviding support measuresObtaining external assistance,53,CP applicability for local governments,Corporate decision-makingLocal environmental management strategiesCommunity and industry partnershipsSustainable economic developmentPublic environmental educationSpecific local environmental p
39、roblems Local environmental monitoring,54,CP and financial institutions,Environmental evaluation can help:,Establish an exclusion list Identify environmental risks in every project Understand the financial institutions exposure to environmental risks and liabilities Monitor the environmental risks o
40、f transactions and respond Evaluate risks and liabilities in foreclosure or re-structuring activities,55,What are the benefits of Cleaner Production?,Financial advantages:Usually a short Payback Period of only months Many low-cost options Quick to implement Improved cash flows Greater shareholder va
41、lue Better access to capital and appeal to financial institutions Inherent preventive approach leads to insurance savings,56,Overall Risk Profile,RISKS,ENVIRONMENTAL ACCIDENTS,WORKERS HEALTH,CONSUMERS HEALTH,NEW REGULATIONS,REPUTATION,BUSINESS VALUE,INSURANCECLAIMS,LIABILITY CLEAN-UP,PRODUCT SALES,5
42、7,Main factors affecting exposure to environmentally-derived risks,The nature of environmental risks inherent in business activity of the clientThe size and term of, and the security for, the transactionThe clients ability and commitment to adequately manage these risks,58,If a CP project is present
43、ed to a financial institution, it should be clear that the company already undertook voluntary actions aimed at:,rationalising the use of raw materials, water and energy inputs, reducing the loss of valuable material inputs and therefore reducing operational costsreducing the volume and/or toxicity
44、of waste, wastewater and emissions related to productionimproving working conditions and occupational safety in a companymaking organisational improvementsimproving environmental performance by the implementation of no-cost and low-cost measures from the companys fundsreusing and/or recycling the ma
45、ximum of primary inputs and packaging materials,59,Environmental investment opportunities,loans to enterprises to finance required or desired investments in technologies resulting in direct and indirect environmental benefitsloans to municipalities to finance investments in environmental infrastruct
46、ureloan guarantees to both enterprises and municipalities for “soft” credits from national or regional environmental funds for environmental investmentsloans to finance businesses providing environmental goods and services,60,What have we learned?,The CP approach reduces pollutant generation at ever
47、y stage of the production processCP can be achieved through:good operating practicesprocess modificationtechnology changesraw material substitutionredesign and/or reformulation of productThe economic advantages of CP are: cost effectivenessincreased process efficiencyimproved product quality and ent
48、erprise competitivenesscost of final treatment and disposal is minimisedEffluent treatment, incineration, and waste recycling outside the production process are not regarded as CP,61,Broader Application of CP,CP is closely linked to:Environmental Management SystemsTotal Quality ManagementHealth and
49、Safety Management,62,Cleaner Production and Sustainable Development,63,!,CP is a journey not a destination,64,“An understanding of the business value to be gained from efficient use of natural resources is an important first step toward sustainability:,toward building a world in which resources are managed to meet the needs of all people now and in the future.” (J. Lash, President of the World Resources Institute),
