1、1,Introduction to Social Welfare and Social Work: The US in Global Perspective,Belmont, CA: Brooks/ColeKatherine van Wormer University of Northern Iowa,2,Introduction - Chapter 1,Uniqueness of social workSocial work core values:service, social justice, dignity and worth of person, importance of huma
2、n relationships, integrity, competence,3,Uniqueness of Social Work continued,Person-in-environment Missionsocial action to promote social change-IFSW Licensing Social Contextgeneralist practiceValue based criteria Global role,4,Reasons for International Focus,Ever shrinking world Increasing internat
3、ional similarities Leadership in NGOs Perspective from other nations Innovative approaches,5,Knowledge for International Work,Employment options “International” domestic work-refugees Influencing global policies through UN,6,Terms and Concepts,Social welfare”well being”-nations system of programs, b
4、enefits, etc.Social welfare stateSocial work and sociology, psychology, counselingThird World/developing country/Global South/non-industrialized country,7,Terms continued,Functionalism Manifest and latent functions Examplescar, military haircut, imprisonment Regulating the PoorPiven and Cloward Powe
5、rMax Weber Orwell1984 ”who controls the past controls the future; who controls the present controls the past” Power elite,8,Terms continued,Globalizationsocial, educational, economic Empowerment Perspective Culture and cultural competence-ethnocentrism Ecosystems Theory-Interactionism Prejudiceunjus
6、tified negative attitudes Allport-outgroups AdornoF scaleobedience most important, displaced aggression Blaming the victim as defense mechanism,9,Terms continued,Empowerment Our social work imaginationmicro (family work) and macro practice Critical thinkingput social policies in perspective, awarene
7、ss of media bias,10,CHAPTER 2,American Social Values and International Social Work,11,US Value Orientations,Work versus leisureWeber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of CapitalismCreed of CalvinismUS-2,000 hours per year, Germany-1,500impact of welfare reformKorea and work ethicFranceleisure a t
8、op value,12,US Valuesequal opportunity vs. equality,“The American dream”rags to riches” Immigrant success stories Scandinavian value of equality, not opportunity Family allowances here and in other industrialized nations Wilensky & Lebeauxresidually based (safety net) society versus institutionally
9、based Means-testedTANF and stigma Globalizationimpact of competition,13,Values: Mobility vs. Stability,Thom Hartmanns hypothesis of genetic traits from hunter vs farmer societies and ADD Americans as seen by foreigners,14,Competition Vs Cooperation,Personal achievement as happiness-survey Egalitaria
10、nism”probably the best beer in town” compared to American ads Family socialization into values,15,Individualism Vs Collectivism,Conformists Japanese homogeneity American individualism Collectivism in Norway and Japan Progressive periods in US history compared to conservative times,16,Independence Vs
11、 Interconnectedness,Independence & individualism in U.S. Interconnectedness & indigenous cultureFirst Nations People,17,Materialism Vs Spirituality,Materialism Alternative values Prevalence of religion in Americasurveys comparing US and European attitudes,18,Nuclear Vs Extended Family,Kinship arrang
12、ements in industrialized worldmarriage as union between families African- and Latino- American cultural perspectives,19,Moralism Vs Compassion,Moralism and US society, the most unique US value Social values and social policy International policy Imprisonment in the US and Norway,20,Social Work Value
13、s and American Values,Social work mission to enhance human well-being,Altruism Core values of social workservice, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence How these values compare or contrast to American values,21,International Des
14、criptions,Guamcultural clash, indigenous population, woman power Chileunder socialist government and after CIA back military coup, social workers “disappeared”, structural adjustments required by world banks Caribbeanstructural adjustmentsJamaica and global realities South Koreapositive experience w
15、ith globalization, over 100 social work departments, male dominance Cubahealth care services, social workers work in needy communities Canadaimpact of global market, NAFTA, cutbacks, universal health care,22,CHAPTER 3,Emergence of Social Work,23,Introduction Chapt. 3,Drawing from Glasgow, Scotland m
16、useumHeatherbank Museum of Social Work, “Houseless Poor Asylum”Social work goes back to Middle Ages and social welfare.,24,European Milestones,Norman Conquest, 1066 and feudalism, unity of England under law Black Death, 1348 and scapegoating of minority groups (“witches”)and labor shortage Role of t
17、echnologies a theme, people moved to cities for work, affected family life Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther and Henry VIII Elizabethan Poor Law 1601, religious dissenters left for New World First poor lawpoor relief for deserving, parents responsible, workhouse New Poor Law 1834moral view of po
18、verty Inflluence of Dickens, Karl Marx (1848),25,Colonial America,Puritans and theology Individualism, limited government and separation of church and state No large class of landless people Weak central government Indentured servants, slavery of persons of color US Constitution and human rights,26,
19、Informal and Formal Helping,Poor Helping Poorslavery and mutual aid Farmers Church Formal aid Dorothea Dix Civil War Freedmens Bureau Europe: A Contrastsocial insurance in Germany,27,Industrial Growth in the U.S.,Agriculture to Industry Depression of 1870s Paradigm shifts in times of national hardsh
20、ip Origins of social work Charity Organization Societies Settlement houses Hull House and Jane Addams Mary Richmond,28,Social Work as a Profession,Flexner and Freudian Influence Casework The Great Depressiona paradigm shift, Piven and Cloward New DealHarry Hopkins and Francis Perkins under Roosevelt
21、 Public Works Administration, Social Security Act Womens leadership in social work,1910-1955 European Influence,29,From 1950s to Today,McCarthy era, 1950s Bertha Reynoldsher education in psychoanalytical theory and her union work, fired from Smith College but honored today 1960s, Civil Rights Moveme
22、nt, a paradigm shift, war on poverty and war in Vietnam New Conservatism Self Assessment,30,Has Social Work Lost Its Mission?,Unfaithful Angels: How Social Work Has Abandoned Its MissionSpecht & Courtney (1994)Their Arguments Professionalism Private practice, Loss of idealismvan Wormers arguments th
23、at social work has not lost its mission: Writings and policies of social work Idealism of students shown in surveys CSWE requirements and social work ethics has radicalized Multicultural education Feminist influence Empowerment perspectivetheme of textbooks in the field Global awareness The fact tha
24、t Specht and Courtney have raised the issue,31,Chapter 4,Economic Oppression,32,Introduction Chapter 4,Eisenhower quote about money spent on the military Economic oppression inextricably linked with social and racial oppression. Socially oppressed are often poor. Impoverished people worldwide not ne
25、cessarily oppressed. “Trickle down theory”,33,Nature of Oppression,Exploitation Marginalizationlack of rights of full citizenship Structural violence,34,Poverty Worldwide,Relative poverty Absolute poverty75% of worlds population live in poor nations Global hungersouthern hemisphere and western-Haiti
26、,35,Explanations for Existence of Poverty,Functions of povertyGans Assure societys dirty work is done Low wages Jobs for those who serve the poor Buyers for old goods Scapegoating Control their votes Dysfunctions Global economy and trade imbalances Overpopulationliteracy for women tied to birth cont
27、rol War as cause of povertyloss of young life, land destroyed Inadequate welfare benefits as cause of poverty,36,Poverty and Globalization,IMF rulesstructural adjustment, loans for military expenditures Free trade agreementsWal-Mart in Mexico, privatization, processed food WTO regulations 80% of wor
28、lds income in the richest 20% of the worlds nations Brazilpoor receive 7 % of GNP Job losssee text photo of homeless man Empire theoryUS media empire, pre-emptive strikes, loss of national industries,37,Work In A Global Era,Computer jobs in Bangalore, India China and cheap exports EU and leveling of
29、 standards, soon to be 25 nations Productivity up, employment and wages down,38,Work in the US,Downsizing, privatization, outsourcing, cost-efficiency, productivity Wal-Marts strategies The End of Work-Rifkin New technologies More work and fewer workers UN Declaration and work as a right (Article 23
30、,see Appendix) Worker stresslack of loyalty McDonaldization of Society -RitzerFast Food Nation Brain work out of fast food work Standardization of product Pseudo-friendliness and processed food Speed and efficiency Tysondangerous work, lawsuits,39,Work, continued,Impact on family”two income trap” Ko
31、rea55 hours work per week, US 46 Italy-40 vacation days, French-36, US12 Advice on business customs in SwedenFridays deserted, summer close down in July, late afternoons they think of going home,40,Work, continued,Agriculturecash crops High suicide rate among American farmers Nickel and DimedEhrenre
32、ichs story Forced overtime work, use of drugs like meth Workers Rights Mobilization Unemploymentnot outsourcing but “productivity” the big problemnew technologies, loss of health benefits,41,Strategies to End Poverty,Earned income tax creditsacceptable because rewards workers Treatment for substance
33、 abuse and mental disorders needed Need for more, better paying jobs Kensington Welfare Rights UnionNew Freedom Bus Ride, UN Declaration,42,CHAPTER 5,Social Oppression,43,Introduction Chapter 5,Look at forms of institutionally based oppression The “isms” Dominant group and privilege and target group
34、,44,Classism,Definition Institutional Classism Class & Success Poverty Distribution of wealthgap rich and poor within countries and between countries Box 5:1Where Your Income Tax Money Really Goeswww.warresisters.org Poverty line-$18,810 family of 4, 12.5% in poverty War against the poorlack of livi
35、ng wage,Food stamp reductions Welfare reform Welfare for the rich Tax policy Tax cutsstockholders Top taxable rate33%, was 50%1981,45,Racism,Definitiona form of racial oppression based on the color of ones skin or distinctive or imagined physical features Global racismRoma, Dalits Welfare racism, “u
36、s and them” Welfare Reform Racism & unemploymentloss of manufacturing jobs,46,Sexism and the Feminization of Poverty,Families below poverty line, 37% female headed Feminization of poverty, womens income76 cents on the dollar compared to mens, elderly women in poverty Female unemployment, child care
37、Causes Worldwidelack of education for girls Education Migration,47,Heterosexism,Definitionthe belief that gays and lesbians are inferior to heterosexuals Homophobiaa fear factor Suicide of gender non-conforming children Lesbianshomophobia linked to sexism and anti-feminism backlash Hate crimes Marit
38、al rights,48,Sectarianism,Definitionbigotry in following doctrine od ones own sect FundamentalismU.S., Islamism, Northern Ireland Religious oppression Displaced aggression Box 5.2a tour of the U.S.Holocaust Memorial Museum,49,Ethnocentrism,Definition War, insecurity and foreigners Economics & Migrat
39、ion Latinos: Demographic facts 11% have a BA 25.6% poverty rate Prospects improve for children Low infant mortality Poor working conditions Cultural factors-kinship Anti-immigrant harassment against Arabsagainst mosques, by government-detainees,50,CHAPTER 6,Human Rights & Restorative Justice,51,Intr
40、oduction Chapter 6,Refer to the photo that opens this chaptersame sex marriage in Portland Concepts social justice and human rightsNASW, IFSW endorsement History of passage of Universal Declaration of Human Rights Nuremberg war crimes trial Eleanor Roosevelt 1948 3 partscivil and legal rights (again
41、st cruel and unusual punishment), economic rights, cultural rights,52,The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights,Social work and international law Box 6.1, On Human Rights Amnesty Internationalrights a standard in wartime as well as peacetime US refusal to join International Criminal Court,53,Huma
42、n Rights Violations Worldwide,National security as diversion from rights enforcement Responding to terror with terror Genocide throughout the worldICC to address this Rape in warBrownmiller, rape as an instrument of war, in most wars and slavery,54,Violations of Women Domestically,U.N. Convention on
43、 the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Conservative reluctance to ratify by Senate International violence Domestic violence Honor killing300 in Pakistan in one year,55,Gays, Lesbians & Human Rights,Lack of official human rights documents International intolerance Military duty
44、 Marriage rights worldwidefull rights in the Netherlands, Belgium, most of Canada Partner benefits in many European countries,56,Criminal Justice in the U.S.,Individual rights and punitive tradition Absence of prevention such as strict gun control Lack of strict media censorship against violence Pur
45、itan influence Rehabilitationstrong in 1970s,57,Criminal Justice Data,Criminal Justice Statistics, see Box 6.2 Homicideguns use in 66% Male victims killed by strangers, not female Over 1,000 women and 440 men killed by an intimate partner in 2000 (authors theory about womens shelters) Crime rate vs
46、incarceration rate Handgun deaths (2003) 151 in Canada, 19 in Japan, over 11,000 in the US Corrections2 million in prison,58,War on Drugs,OriginsRonald Reagan Zero tolerance of drugs associated with poor people, a form of prohibition 6% of prisoners are women, big increase in women and minorities, c
47、onspiracy drug laws European Approachharm reduction,59,Human Rights Violations of Prisoners,Prison labor as involuntary servitude U.S. & International Standards Privatization & The Incarceration Industry Men in prisonabuses, horror stories, rape as power plays, suicide attempts by rape victims Women
48、 in prisonsexual abuse scandals, strip searches, pregnancies, reports by NGOs Death penaltymost in China, about 70 a year in the US, abolished in all democracies except for India, Japan, US $2 million per execution, 90% involved white victims in study, flaws in deterrence theory, execution as an att
49、raction to some suicidal persons,60,Restorative Justice,Influence of First Nations People and Mennonites in Canada Starts with victim Contrasts with conventional criminal justice but may follow criminal justice process, supported by UN Reconciliation3 key modelsvictim offender mediation, family grou
50、p counseling, reparations,61,CHAPTER 7,Human Behavior & The Social & Physical Environment,62,Introduction Chapter 7,Uniting policy and practice Importance of understanding both behavior and context Concepts of HBSE Ecosystems theory Bio-psycho-social-spiritual model Sustainability Person-in-environment,
