1、,An African Type “MIGA” and Infrastructure-indexed Bonds: Potential Means for Financing Africas Infrastructure Agenda,Joseph Atta-Mensah Regional Integration, Infrastructure and Trade Division United Nations Economic Commission for Africa P. O. Box 3005, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaEmail: jattamensahuneca.
2、org,Introduction Africas InfrastructureTraditional forms of Financing Infrastructure in AfricaMaking a case for innovative financing mechanism for infrastructureThe Pricing of the Infrastructure-indexed BondsAn African Investment Guarantee AgencyConclusion,Outline of Presentation,Africa Infrastructu
3、re Renewed interest in achieving full integration of the continent. Need for physical integration. Key component of the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD) is devoted to strengthening Africas weak infrastructure. Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa (PIDA),Introduction,The
4、main mode of transportation is by road, accounting for 90 per cent of urban transport. Of the 2 million kilometres of Africas road networks only about 28 per cent are paved.The railway connectivity in Africa is also very weak. For a continent of size 30 million square kilometres, the rail network ac
5、counts for only 89,380 kilometres, translating into 3 kilometres of rail lines per 1,000.,Transport,A great number of the ports are below international standards. The merchant fleet are also very old, with an average age of 19 years as opposed to a world average of 14 years.Africas air transport net
6、works also needs to be brought to world standards. It is probably easier to fly from an African country to Europe/US than within. .,Transport II,Although there has been some improvements, communication systems in Africa remain very weak.Despite the improvements made in this field, compared to the pa
7、st, more needs to be done if Africa is to bridge the digital divide.,Communication,Africa is endowed with a lot of energy resources oil, coal, hydroelectricity, natural gas, and biomass and other renewable energy sources. Yet these have not been efficiently tapped or underdeveloped. The infrastructu
8、re gas pipelines and electricity transmission and distribution networks needed to move the supply to consumers remain very weak.,Energy,Traditional sources of finance are: World Bank, EU, AfDB, etc. The agencies of the World Bank responsible for financially aiding African countries are: The Internat
9、ional Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA), together referred to as the World Bank;,Traditional forms of Financing Infrastructure in Africa,The International Finance Corporation (IFC); The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).,
10、Traditional forms of Financing Infrastructure in Africa II,Official Development Assistance (ODA) to African countries has been falling. Capacities of the World Bank, European Union, the African Development Bank and other multilateral and bilateral development partners not be enough to support the in
11、frastructure needs of the continent.,Making the case for innovative financing mechanism for infrastructure,In Africa, governments or the public are traditionally responsible for the construction and operation of infrastructure facilities.Increase in the demand for private sector intervention in the
12、provision of infrastructure on the continent.,Making the case for innovative financing mechanism for infrastructure II,One source of finance could be through the issuance of infrastructure-indexed bonds. Who would holds the indexed bonds? Part of African pension funds and the African Diaspora could
13、be encouraged to invest in these bonds.,Making the case for innovative financing mechanism for infrastructure III,To finance the infrastructure project in some part of an African country or in a region of the continent, we assume that the government of the country in question or a regional economic
14、community would invite private sector participation in the financing of the project through the issue of bonds linked to the project.,The Pricing of the Infrastructure-indexed Bonds,Let us assume that the face value of the Bond is F and the market of value of the project is V, then the expected valu
15、e of the infrastructure-indexed bond at the end of the contract is:MinF, V = F - max0, F-V.,The Pricing of the Infrastructure-indexed Bonds II,Let V(t) be the market value of the project and its stochastic process be of the form:,The Pricing of the Infrastructure-indexed Bonds III,Since the bond is
16、indexed to the market value of the project then the market value of the bond at any given time is B(V, t). Using the Itos lemma, the drift and the diffusion of the bond could be expressed as:,The Pricing of the Infrastructure-indexed Bonds III,Proposition 1: Based on the assumptions and the framewor
17、k proposed the partial differential equation governing the infrastructure-indexed bond, which pays an instantaneous coupon rate of c is:,The Pricing of the Infrastructure-indexed Bonds III,Proposition 2: The present value of the bond under the set of assumptions is:where P(V, F, t) is a European put
18、 option on the project, V, with constant dividend dV and an exercise price equal to the principal payment, F. The value of the put option is:,The Pricing of the Infrastructure-indexed Bonds III,Proposition 3: The value of the infrastructure indexed bond increases monotonically as the value of the pr
19、oject it is financing rises.Proof:,The Pricing of the Infrastructure-indexed Bonds IV,Proposition 4: The market value of the infrastructure-indexed bonds falls as the value of the project becomes more volatile.Proof:,The Pricing of the Infrastructure-indexed Bonds V,Proposition 5: The value of the i
20、nfrastructure-indexed bonds rises monotonically with the face value, F, of the bond.Proof:Since,The Pricing of the Infrastructure-indexed Bonds VI,Proposition 6: A tightening of monetary policy has an negative impact on the market value of an infrastructure-indexed bond.Proof:Since and,The Pricing o
21、f the Infrastructure-indexed Bonds VII,Proposition 7: The rise in the dividend rate on the project has an adverse effect on the value of infrastructure-indexed bonds.Proof:,The Pricing of the Infrastructure-indexed Bonds VIII,AIGA could have a mission of promoting investments in Africa, particularly
22、 in the area of infrastructure development. Why AIGA and not MIGA? MIGAs focus is very broad and therefore the assistance to Africa could be smaller than what is expected.,An African Investment Guarantee Agency (AIGA),AIGA could focus only on Africa as its members would be made up of only African co
23、untries and charged with the sole task of assisting public or private investments on the continent. This agency is also needed because of the difficulty of African countries face in attracting productive capital for financing projects, as international investors perceive the countries to be of high
24、risk due to political instability and other non-financial risks that have plagued the continent for some time now. Moreover, if it is managed well, AIGA has a potential of generating enough profits that could be ploughed back into the continents economy.,An African Investment Guarantee Agency (AIGA)
25、 II,To provide non-commercial investment guarantees to African and non-African investors, private or public who are desirous of investing in Africa but do not have the appetite for non-commercial risks.Like those covered by MIGA, these risks could include an investors inability to repatriate funds b
26、ecause of an unstable political environment in a country, war or civil or sectarian conflicts and unlawful nationalization, confiscation and seizure of the investment projects by the government of a host country.,Objective of AIGA,The Literature shows that: There is a positive link between trade fac
27、ilitation and trade. Modest reductions in trade transaction costs significantly increase trade flows.Trade in both rich and poor countries stand to gain from improvements in trade facilitation. However, trade gains are higher in developing countries than in developed countries because of comparative
28、ly less efficient customs administrations and ports in developing countries.,An Economic Case for Trade Facilitation (III),The literature defines total trade costs broadly as all costs incurred in getting a final good to a final user other than the cost of producing the good itself. In general, expo
29、rters or importers incur trade costs at all stages of the processes involved in exporting and importing goods. The costs begin to tally with obtaining information about market conditions in a foreign market and ends with receipt of final payment for a good.,What are Trade Costs?,The structure of AIG
30、A should be such that its membership is opened mainly to African countries. However, a small fraction of ownership could go to other countries. Each member would contribute to the initial capital needed to operate the agency plus an agreed annual membership fee. The membership of the Agency would ha
31、ve to agree on the currency of operation. A suggestion is that the currency be convertible in international financial markets.,Suggested Framework for AIGA,The Board of Directors of AIGA could be made up of the Finance Ministers of the African countries who hold membership in the Agency. Representat
32、ives of non-African countries who are members could be non-voting members of the board. The Board would be responsible for appointing the President of the Agency. Depending on the structure of the Agency, the Board could appoint a number of vice-presidents. The Board should be empowered to set polic
33、ies, regulations and rules that would ensure the smooth operation of the Agency. The President is empowered to oversee the day-to-day activity of the Agency.,Suggested Framework for AIGA II,Under the direction of the Board, the President would approve all guarantee-contracts between the Agency and i
34、nvestors. However, the President must ensure that not all investors receive guarantees. In addition to a number of units that must be created to assist the President in running the Agency, AIGA should have a is risk management unit. The risk management unit would be responsible for managing all the risk exposures the Agency faces. The unit would invest the premiums on behalf of AIGA in both financial and physical assets.,Suggested Framework for AIGA III,Thank You,
