1、,SOUTHERN REGION METAR/TAF BRIEFING SPRING 1996,An Introduction to the ICAO Format,ICAO Weather,OBJECTIVE Interpret and disseminate ICAO weather products. MOTIVATION US will comply with ICAO procedures by July 1, 1996.,ICAO Weather,METAR Aviation Routine Weather report SPECI Special Aviation Weather
2、 report TAF Terminal Forecast TAF AMD Amended Terminal Forecast,Routine Aviation Weather Report (METAR),MIA SA 1856 AO2A CLR BLO 120 10+ 118/32/21/0807/997 METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT 10SM CLR 12/M04 A2997 RMK AO2 SLP118,Meteorological Aerodrome Report,ORDER OF ENTRY,SURFACE ANALYSIS LOCID / RPT
3、 TYPE / OBS TYPE / TIME / AUTO / SKY COND / VSBY / SIG WX / RSTN TO VSBY / SLP / TEMP / DEW PT / WIND / ALSTG/ RMKS METARRPT TYPE / LOCID / TIME / AUTO / SFC WIND / VSBY / RVR / SIG WX / RSTN TO VSBY / SKY COND / TEMP / DEW PT / ALSTG / RMKS,METAR,METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT 10SM CLR 32/21 A2997
4、 RMK AO2TYPE OF REPORT,METAR,METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT 10SM CLR 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2LOCATION in FOUR LETTERS KDEN, PAFA, PHNL, CYYC, MMMX,METAR,METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT 10SM CLR 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2DATE/TIME group in UTC Observation between H+50 & 00 International on the hour - 231900Z,ME
5、TAR,METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT 10SM CLR 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2AUTOMATED Weather Observations Fully automated, no human intervention AUTO removed when an observer is present,METAR,METAR KMIA 231856Z COR 08007KT 10SM CLR 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2CORRECTION Canada - CCA,METAR,METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007K
6、T 10SM CLR 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2 SURFACE WIND Direction in Three Digits Speed in Two or Three Digits plus Gusts 00000KT VRB06KT 33012MPS 18032KPH 24015G25KT 200V270,METAR,METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT 10SM CLR 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2 VISIBILITY 20SM Statute Miles M1/4SM AUTO only 7000 Meters 15KM Kilome
7、ters,METAR,METAR KJFK 231856Z AUTO 16007KT 1/4SM R21/1600FT +SN BKN045 M06/M10 A2982 RMK AO2 RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE R21/ Runway, plus L, C, or R 1600FT Visibility, M0600FT/P6000FT R10L/1600V2000FT Variability Canada 1600/D, 1600/U, 1600/N,METAR,METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT 5SM -SHRA BKN045 32/21 A29
8、97 RMK AO2SIGNIFICANT WEATHERPresent at the station or in the vicinity,QUALIFIER Intensity,- Light none Moderate+ Heavy,QUALIFIER Proximity,VC Vicinity Within 5 to 10SM of station, except precipitation is 0 to 10SM. VCTS VCSH VCFG VCPO VCBLSN VCDS VCBLDU VCSS,QUALIFIER Descriptor,MIFG BCFG PRFG BLDU
9、 SHRA DRSN FZDZ TSGR VCTS VCSH,QUALIFIER Descriptor,MI Shallow (mince) MIFG BC Patches (banc) BCFG PR Partial PRFG,QUALIFIER Descriptor,SH Showers SHRA, SHSN, SHPE, SHGR, SHGS DR Low Drifting DRSN, DRDU, DRSA TS Thunderstorm TS, TSRA, TSGR, TSRASNGR,QUALIFIER Descriptor,FZ Freezing FZRA, FZDZ, FZFG
10、BL Blowing BLSN, BLSA, BLPY, BLDU,WEATHER PHENOMENA Precipitation,DZ Drizzle RA Rain SN Snow SG Snow Grains IC Ice Crystals,WEATHER PHENOMENA Precipitation,PE Ice Pellets GR Hail (grele) (1/4IN) GS Small Hail (gresil) or Snow Pellets (1/4IN) UP Unknown Precipitation,WEATHER PHENOMENA Obstructions to
11、 Visibility,BR Mist (brume) (VIS 5/8 - 6) FG Fog (VIS 5/8) FU Smoke (fumee) VA Volcanic Ash,WEATHER PHENOMENA Restrictions to Visibility,SA Sand HZ Haze PY Spray DU Dust,WEATHER PHENOMENA Other,SQ Squalls (Sudden increase at least 16 kts, at 22 kts or more lasting at least 1 min.) SS/+SS Sandstorm D
12、S/+DS Duststorm,WEATHER PHENOMENA Other,PO Dust / Sand Whirls FC Funnel Cloud +FC Tornado or Waterspout,WEATHER PHENOMENA Examples,MIFG Shallow Fog BLSA Blowing Sand VCTS Thunderstorm in the Vicinity FZDZ Freezing Drizzle -RASN Light Rain & Snow+FC +TSRASNGR BLSN,METAR,METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007K
13、T 10SM CLR 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2SKY CONDITION Automated report - CLR BLO 120,METAR,METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT 10SM BKN035 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2 SKY CONDITION Cloud bases in 3 digits, 001, 011, 110 Sky cover in OKTAs (eighths) No ceiling designator, first BKN or OVC layer aloft is the ceiling,SKY CO
14、NDITION,SKC or CLR Clear FEW015 Few 0 - 2/8 SCT029 Scattered 3/8 - 4/8 BKN045 Broken 5/8 - 7/8 OVC110 Overcast 8/8,SKY CONDITION,BKN060TCU Towering Cumulus OVC090CB Cumulonimbus VV004 Vertical Visibility Indefinite ceiling 400,SKY CONDITION Partial Obscurations,FEW000 0 to 2/8 sky obscured Few cloud
15、s less than five zero SCT000 3/8 to 4/8 sky obscured Scattered clouds less than five zero BKN000 5/8 to 7/8 sky obscured Broken clouds less than five zero,SKY CONDITION Partial Obscurations,4SM BR BKN000 (RMK BR BKN000) Visibility four, mist (fog), sky partially obscured five to seven eighths of the
16、 sky obscured by clouds 1/2SM SN FG BKN000 BKN007 Visibility one-half, snow, fog, sky partially obscured five to seven eights of the sky obscured by clouds, ceiling seven hundred broken,METAR,METAR KATL 231856Z AUTO 16007KT 10SM CLR 12/M04 A2982 RMK AO2 TEMPERATURE / DEW POINT in Celsius M for Minus
17、 3 Degree spread for saturation If temperature missing, group is omitted If dew point missing, only temp shown 32/,METAR,METAR KATL 231856Z AUTO 16007KT 10SM CLR 12/M04 A2982 RMK AO2ALTIMETER SETTINGA2982 Inches of MercuryQ1013 hectoPascals (Millibars),METAR,METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 29007KT 10SM CLR
18、32/21 A2997 RMK AO2 WSHFT 1834 $REMARKS,REMARKS,VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS TORNADIC ACTIVITY TORNADO, FUNNEL CLOUD, WATERSPOUT TYPE OF AUTOMATED STATION AO1, AO2 PEAK WIND PK WND 20032/25,REMARKS,WIND SHIFT WSHFT 15 TOWER OR SURFACE VISIBILITY TWR VIS 2 SFC VIS 2 1/2 VARIABLE PREVAILING VISIBILITY VIS 3/4V1
19、 1/2 SECTOR VISIBILITY VIS N 2,REMARKS,VISIBILITY AT 2ND SITE VIS 3/4 RY11 LIGHTNING FRQ LTGCC NE, CONS LTGCG SW,REMARKS,DSNT Distant, 10 to 30 miles from station OCNL Occasional FRQ Frequent CONS Continuous OHD Overhead,REMARKS,BEGINNING AND ENDING TSB20E44, RAE50, SNB1254E41 THUNDERSTORM LOCATION
20、TS OHD MOV N, TS DSNT S MOV N HAILSTONE SIZE GR 1 3/4 VIRGA VIRGA SW,REMARKS,VARIABLE CEILING HEIGHT CIG 013V017 OBSCURATIONS FG FEW000, VA SCT000, FU BKN020 VARIABLE SKY CONDITION SCT V BKN, BKN025 V OVC SIGNIFICANT CLOUDS CB W MOV E, TCU OHD, ACSL W,REMARKS,CEILING AT 2ND SITE CIG 020 RY11 PRESSUR
21、E RISING/FALLING RAPIDLY PRESRR, PRESFR SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE SLP145, SLPNO,REMARKS,AIRCRAFT MISHAP (ACFT MSHP) NO SPECIAL AVAILABLE NOSPECI SNOW INCREASING RAPIDLY SNICR 3/17,REMARKS Examples,TS NE MOV E DARK NW BR SCT000 FU BKN020,REMARKS Examples,TORNADO SCT V BKN BKN014 V OVC LAST,Example,METAR KAT
22、L 221451Z 00000KT 25SM OVC030 05/03 A3018 RMK SLP145,Example,METAR KATL 221456Z AUTO 33009KT 5SM -RA BR BKN012 OVC023 08/07 A3009 RMK AO2,Example,METAR KBOS 221456Z AUTO 08024KT 3/8SM +SN FG BLSN VV003 M10/ A3011 RMK AO2,Example,METAR KORD 221352Z VRB04KT 1SM R3/5200FT FZFG BKN000 BKN009 M05/M05 A30
23、18 RMK AO2 FZFG BKN000 VIS 3/4V1 1/4,Some More Examples,METAR VHHH 241500Z 00000KT 4000 -DZ SCT005 15/15 Q1027 METAR NZAA 241500Z 14005KT 25KM SCT034 11/08 Q1017.5 METAR VVTS 241500Z 16003MPS 8000 -SHRA SCT015 SCT017 29/25 Q1008,Special Aerodrome Report,SPECI,SPECI KTYS 221236Z 32009KT 5SM RA BR SCT
24、015 OVC027 20/18 A2979 RMK AO2 MTNS OBSCD ALQDS SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS between H+00 and H+50 Aircraft Mishap (not transmitted) Significant Weather Change,A Few More Examples,SPECI KBNA 221536Z AUTO 01013KT 10SM -RA BKN014 OVC025 06/03 A3004 RMK AO2 SLP164 SPECI KMEM 221513Z AUTO 00000KT 10SM BKN018 BK
25、N024 OVC033 10/06 A3013 RMK AO2 CIG 017V019 SPECI KMCN 221609Z AUTO 02005KT 7SM -RA OVC016 08/07 A3009 RMK AO2,Aerodrome Forecast (TAF),TAF,The expected meteorological conditions significant to aviation at an airport during the specified time. Airport defined as the area within a 5sm radius of the c
26、enter of the airport layout plan (ALP).,ORDER OF ENTRY,TAF LOCID / ISSUE TIME / VALID TIME / WIND / VSBY / SIG WX / SKY COND / WS FT LOCI / VALID TIME / FROPA / SKY COND / VSBY / WX + OBVIS / WIND / RMKS,TAF,TAF KATL 091720Z 091818 22020KT 3SM -SHRA BKN020TCU BECMG 2023 30015G25KT 3SM SHRA OVC015 PR
27、OB40 2022 1/2SM TSRA OVC008CB FM2300 27008KT 5SM -SHRA BKN020 OVC040 TEMPO 0407 00000KT 1SM SHRA FM1000 22010KT 5SM -SHRA OVC020 BECMG 1315 P6SM NSW SKC=,TAF,091720Z DATE/TIME GROUP When forecast was produced 091818 VALID DATE/TIME 24-hour forecast at 00Z, 06Z, 12Z, 18Z All forecast elements, no PRO
28、B40/PROB30 in first 6 hours FM 2000 TIME DIVIDER From 2000Z, a rapid change, 1 hr All forecast elements,TAF,BECMG 1315 CHG INDICATOR Becoming between 1300 and 1500Z Gradual change - 2 hours TEMPO 0407 CHG INDICATOR Temporarily between 0400 and 0700Z Occurs only within time group Each occurence less
29、than 1 hour Sum of occurences less than 1/2 time,TAF,PROB30 2024/PROB40 2123 Probability of 30-39% between 2000 and 2400Z of precip or TS/Probability of 40-49% between 2100 and 2300ZP6SM Visibility Plus 6SM, 9999 in Meters NSW No Significant Weather,TAF,TAFKSRQ NIL UNTIL 14Z No forecast until a give
30、n timeTAFKGNV NIL AMD AFT 04Z No amendments after a given time,TAF,FORECAST CONDITIONS Wind Visibility Weather Sky Condition Optional Data,TAF,WIND 00000KT 3KT or less VRB04 Too light to forecast VRB25G45KT Forecast TS,TAF,VISIBILITY P6SM No obstructions to visibility except VA WEATHER VCFG Vis 3sm
31、VCSH No qualifiers,TAF,WEATHER NSW not used in predominate groups (1st period and FR) NSW no precip or obstruction to visibility NSW does not exclude wx advisories or cloud layers,TAF,SKY CONDITIONS CB Only cloud type in TAF OPTIONAL WS010/18040KT Low Level Wind Shear - Surface to 2000 feet AGL Non-
32、convective WS010 Wind shear bases at 1000 feet,Example,TAF KATL 091720Z 091818 08014KT 5SM BR OVC008 TEMPO 1819 2SM TSRA OVC005CB BECMG 1920 OVC010 TEMPO 1922 2SM -SHRA BR OVC006 BECMG 2123 08019KT P6SM NSWFM 0300 06005KT 3SM BR BKN000 OVC008 TEMPO 0307 1SM BR VV006 BECMG 0607 03015KT 5SM BR OVC015=
33、,Another Example,TAF AMD KSDF 091819Z 091918 17009KT P6SM SCT100 TEMPO 0005 OVC040CB PROB40 0005 3SM TSRA BR FM 0400 18010KT P6SM SCT015 OVC040 TEMPO 0510 3SM TSRA BR OVC015CB FM 0900 15011KT 3SM -SHRA BR SCT008 OVC012 TEMPO 1017 2SM TSRA BR OVC008CB=,Just Another Example,TAF KMSY 101120Z 101212 180
34、12KT 5SM SHRA SCT007CB BKN025 TEMPO 1822 18017G35KT 1SM +TSRA BR BKN007CB FM 2100 17012KT P6SM SCT015 BKN030 TEMPO 2223 2SM TSRA FM 2300 18007KT OVC025 PROB40 0007 4SM -TSRA FM 0600 19006KT 5SM BR BKN015 PROB040 0710 -TSRA BECMG 0910 00000KT 3SM BR=,Still Another Example,TAF KMEM 150523Z 150606 1801
35、2KT 5SM SHRA SCT007 BKN025 TEMPO 1115 18017G35KT 1SM +TSRA BR BKN007CB FM 1500 17012KT P6SM SCT015 BKN030 TEMPO 1923 2SM TSRA FM 2300 18007KT OVC025 PROB30 0004 4SM -TSRA FM 0400 19006KT 5SM BR BKN015 NIL AMD AFT 03Z,Any Questions?,OK, then I have a few!,RESPONSE ITEM,An aviation routine weather rep
36、ort is called a _. a. METAR b. TAF c. SPECI,RESPONSE ITEM,An aviation routine weather report is called a _. a. METAR b. TAF c. SPECI,RESPONSE ITEM,METAR KTYS 1452 00000KT 10SM SCT015 BKN032 OVC040 06/03 A3003 RMK MTNS OBSCD The ceiling at TYS is _ ft. A. 1500 B. 3200 C. 4000,RESPONSE ITEM,METAR KTYS
37、 1452 00000KT 10SM SCT015 BKN032 OVC040 06/03 A3003 RMK MTNS OBSCD The ceiling at TYS is _ ft. A. 1500 B. 3200 C. 4000,RESPONSE ITEM,METAR KDEN 1849Z 32018G22 10SM BKN020 09/05 A2956 RMK AO2 BKN V SCT The temperature at Denver is about _ degrees F. A. 41 B. 48 C. 57,RESPONSE ITEM,METAR KDEN 1849Z 32
38、018G22 10SM BKN020 09/05 A2956 RMK AO2 BKN V SCT The temperature at Denver is about _ degrees F. A. 41 B. 48 C. 57,RESPONSE ITEM,SPECI KMCN 2034Z 13009KT 5SM -RA BR SCT009 BKN015 OVC070 A2972 RMK RB15 What type of report is this? A. Aviation routine weather report. B. Aerodrome forecast. C. Special
39、aviation weather report.,RESPONSE ITEM,SPECI KMCN 2034Z 13009KT 5SM -RA BR SCT009 BKN015 OVC070 A2972 RMK RB15 What type of report is this? A. Aviation routine weather report. B. Aerodrome forecast. C. Special aviation weather report.,RESPONSE ITEM,SPECI KMCN 2034Z 13009KT 5SM -RA BR SCT009 BKN015 O
40、VC070 A2972 RMK RB15 The restriction to visibility at MACON is _. A. mist B. brief rain C. light rain,RESPONSE ITEM,SPECI KMCN 2034Z 13009KT 5SM -RA BR SCT009 BKN015 OVC070 A2972 RMK RB15 The restriction to visibility at MACON is _. A. mist B. brief rain C. light rain,RESPONSE ITEM,The contraction f
41、or “smog” is _.A. FK B. FG SK C. FG FU,RESPONSE ITEM,The contraction for “smog” is _.A. FK B. FG SK C. FG FU,QUESTION,SPECI KGPT 1212Z 22012G20 1/4SM +TSRAGR OVC003CB A2969 RMK TS OVHD MOV NE What weather phenomena is occurring?,ANSWER,SPECI KGPT 1212Z 22012G20 1/4SM +TSRAGR OVC003CB A2969 RMK TS OV
42、HD MOV NE What weather phenomena is occurring? Thunderstorm, heavy rain, hail.,RESPONSE ITEM,The contraction for Ice Pellets is _.A. PE B. IC C. PO,RESPONSE ITEM,The contraction for Ice Pellets is _.1. PE 2. IC 3. PO,QUESTION,TAF KATL 241115Z 1212 14007KT 1SM BR SCT030 FM 1815 150015KT 5/8SM BR TEMP
43、O 1922 1/4SM FG BKN002 What is forecast at Atlanta after 2300Z?,ANSWER,TAF KATL 241115Z 241212 14007KT 1SM BR SCT030 FM 1815 150015KT 5/8SM BR TEMPO 1922 1/4SM FG BKN002 Wind 150 at 15, visibility 5/8 fog, occasionally between 1900 and 2200 1/4 fog,ceiling 200 BKN.,QUESTION,TAF KGNV 221723Z 221818 1
44、1008KT P6SM SCT023 SCT300 FM 2200 12006KT 4SM BR BKN023 OVC100 TEMPO 0312 15008G18KT P6SM SCT022 BKN100 What is forecast at Gainsville between 18-20Z?,ANSWER,TAF KGNV 221723Z 221818 11008KT P6SM SCT023 SCT300 FM 2200 12006KT 4SM BR BKN023 OVC100 TEMPO 0312 15008G18KT P6SM SCT022 BKN100 Wind 110 at 8
45、, visibility greater than 6, 2300 SCT 30000 sct.,QUESTION,1/2SM FC -TSRAGR BLDU What in the world is that?,ANSWER,1/2SM FC -TSRAGR BLDU Visibility 1/2 Funnel Cloud Thunderstorm Light Rain Hail Blowing Dust,Summary,METAR Aviation Routine Weather report SPECI Special Aviation Weather report TAF Aerodr
46、ome Forecast TAF AMD Amended Aerodrome Forecast,ICAO Weather,OBJECTIVE Interpret and disseminate ICAO weather products. MOTIVATION US will comply with ICAO procedures by July 1, 1996.,Where to get more information,Other training sessions List books, articles, electronic sources Consulting services, other sources,One more Response Item,Oh, no!,RESPONSE ITEM,The first slide in this presentation showed _. 1. a star 2. an airplane 3. SOUTHERN REGION 4. all of the above,FAASOUTHERN REGION,Thank you very much ! Your comments are welcome.,The End,
