1、1,AN INVESTIGATION INTO A PEDAGOGIC CORPUS OF MARITIME ENGLISH (ME),m.reguzzonivirgilio.it reguzzomastom.ac.uk,2,MARITIME ENGLISH sub-registers,set languages (SeaSpeak and IMO Standard Phrases ) shipbuilding, seamanship, cargo handling, meteorology and oceanography, marine engineering, electricity,
2、electronics, automation, port operations, marine pollution, safety of life at sea, international rules and regulations, marine insurance, shipping, business transactions, catering and tourism.,3,ME: The State of the Art,very little, if any, known about ME,research almost non-existent,no field-specif
3、ic corpora available,4,Maritime English Pedagogic Corpus (MEPC) materials/texts,representative of the type of English used and accepted as genuine in an educated discourse community living and working in a maritime environment outside the English-speaking countries, possibly a sample of ELF,selectio
4、n of specific lexical fields and sub-registers,language used in the relevant field literature,typical ESP rhetorical functions,validated by Italian professionals working in the maritime field,5,The software,WinATA (Aston Text Analyser) FREQUENCY and RANGE (Heatley, Nation and Coxhead, 2002) WordClas
5、sifier (Denies, Goethals and EET Project Team, 1996),6,Corpus statistics,7,8,Stages in the investigation,Stage1 Producing a frequency list Comparing the MEPC most frequent words with the ones from other lists Identifying the function words not/present in the corpus Finding the coverage of the most c
6、ommon words Stage 2 Identifying the maritime lexical items in the corpus Analysing the main features of the field specific lexical items. Classifying the technical words,9,The most and the least frequent words across different lists,The 50 most frequent words General Service List (GSL) adapted from
7、West by Bauman (http:/ ) Cambridge International Corpus (CIC) 330,000 words of written data The COBUILD Bank of English 196 million words of written corpus,10,ME vocabulary,Hardly unique per se Mainly general words taking on different meanings and roles through: polysemy and homonymy compounding,11,
8、Polysemy and homonymy 1/5th of all types,GE/ME differences Shifts in: meaning (bank, floor, air draught , port) grammatical functions: adverbs or prepositions - adjectives from verbs - nouns (after) (bow?),12,Shifts,In meaningbank - a financial institution - the bank of a river - a bank of fog - a r
9、ow of objects (e.g. a bank of oars, a bank of tubes). floor - a horizontal subdivision in a building - a vertical plate in the ship bottom. air draught - a current of air - the maximum height of the ships parts above the water surface. port- an artificial harbour, - an opening in the hull- the left
10、side of the ship.,In grammatical functions bow GE: - noun (a knot with two loops, a weapon or a device for playing a musical instrument) - verb (indicating a body motion) ME: - noun (the fore end of a ship) after GE: - time relater (preposition/adverb) ME: - adjective (the after end of the ship).,13
11、,Compounding (1) Usual types of connection,noun plus noune.g. ballast water, radio officer present participle plus noune.g. mooring ropes, navigating cadet past participle plus noune.g. compressed air, I-shaped beam,14,Compounding (2) Common semantic relationships (Blakey, 1987: 146),15,Compounding
12、(3),adjectives (deep tank, double bottom, forecastle, parallel middle body, strong beam, upper deck) nominalised adjectives (deck longitudinals) adjectival compounds (oil tight, watertight) reverse combinations (depth moulded, length overall) ordinal numbers (first mate, third engineer) prepositions
13、 (tween deck, upkeep, overhaul),the names of seasons ( summer load line) proper nouns turned into common nouns (jacobs ladder, samson post) eponyms or names of inventors to describe a product (Diesel engine, Beaufort scale, Plimsoll marks) place names to indicate an important event or convention (Yo
14、rk-Antwerp Convention, Florida Act) geographical names (North Atlantic loadline),16,Compounding (5) poly-words,One word (bulkhead, shipowner) Spaces in between (water ballast, bracket floor) Hyphens (I-beam) Prepositions (round of deck, turn of the bilge, length between perpendiculars) Possessive ca
15、se (Ships Cook) Combined devices (men-of-war) fixed collocations with specialized unitary meaning,17,condense information (Hatch Schmitt and McCarthy, 1997:43),ME multi-word items - fixed collocations with specialized unitary meaning -,18,Other relevant lexical aspects,clippings (bosun for boatswain
16、, fcsl for forecastle), initialization (A.B.S.) acronyms (SOLAS: Safety Of Life At Sea, MARPOL: MARine POLlution).,19,Metaphors,Metaphorical use of animal names in fixed collocations with specialized unitary meaning (cats walk, dog watch, crows nest, donkeyman) Metaphorical use of the language in co
17、nnection with the word ship(she/her -backbone, ribs),20,Field-specific borrowings (Eckersley, & Eckersley, 1960: 417-432 ),captain, navy, officer (French) cargo, canoe, nia (Spanish) anchor (Greek) admiral (Arabic) yacht, buoy, hull, dock, cruise (Dutch) tornado, hurricane (Caribbean) tsunami (Japan
18、ese),21,ME lexical classification,Few unique field specific lexical items Lexical items also belonging to other ESP fields Multi-word sense segments or compounds (common words occurring together to form unique field specific single meanings) Polysemes and homonyms (common words used with special uni
19、que meanings in the frame of reference) Function words and general service words,22,THE PEDAGOGIC WASH-BACK,greater attention to the most frequent and to the least frequent words in the texts a different approach in designing learning tasks sense-segment-based lexical activities matching old words t
20、o new meanings exploring the multiple meanings of words analysing and manipulating the different relationships and combinations,23,Activity 1: Look at the following table and decide what is the meaning of course in the different instances,24,Activity 2: Read the following examples and guess the diff
21、erent meanings of the word current in context. Then check by using a dictionary.,Evaluate current, nearby port and hurricane haven locations that may be considered for tropical cyclone avoidance. Current and lighting are supplied by the generators. Winds of hurricane force opposing any ocean current
22、 can quickly create very steep, short period waves. Plot current/ forecast positions of all active/ suspected tropical cyclone activity. The service speed as well as the optimum size of tanker is very much related to current market economics. The developing storm drifts westwards with the current of
23、 free air and it deviates from the equator after arriving at the western margin of the semi-permanent high The current state of the environment is one of the most serious problems facing mankind today.,25,Activity 3: Find the different uses and meanings of the word after using a dictionary. Then rea
24、d the following bits of sentences and identify the different meanings.,26,Activity 4:All the words listed below contain ship, but there are two odd-words-out . Cross them out and motivate your decision. Provide an example for each word . Translate the words into Italian.,27,Activity 5: Identify the
25、relationships in the following compounds and fill in the table,after peak tank cylinder cover salt water needle valve I-beam ship owner wheelhouse storeroom hatchway steam turbine water plant hand pump steam turbine air-cushion Beaufort wind scale port operations,28,Activity 6: Form compounds out of
26、 the following definitions,a ship that was designed to carry containers _ the chain of the anchor _ the room where the engines are located _ an engine driven by steam _ an engine invented by Rudolf Diesel _ the tanks located in the fore peak _ the covers on the hatches _ a bulkhead made of steel _ t
27、he papers of the ship _ a bar shaped like the letter H _,29,Activity 7: Gapped compounds - Complete the compound words in this passage.,30,Task aiming at developing learner autonomy (created with Word Classifier),Read the following lists of words. They are all the words (381) from the Module Basic S
28、hip Terminology that you have studied. Their difficulty ranges from 0 (fairly common) to 5 ( less common) Work on your own. Underline all the words that you recognize and whose meaning you can remember. Count them and see how good you are and how much you have learnt. Work with a partner and create
29、as many compound words as you can. Form a group of four and compare your lists. If you like, you can turn this activity into a competition.(The winner is the team of 2 students who have produced more compound words. The group decides whether the words are correct or not and assigns the scores. If you do not manage to reach an agreement, ask your teacher),31,END,References,
