1、APA Documentation Tutorial,How to Cite Using APA Style,How and when to cite within your text according to APA style How to create a References list, citing a variety of sources: Print Electronic Media What to do if you come across something unusual not covered in this tutorial,What Will this Tutoria
2、l Cover,What is APA?,APA = American Psychological Association Promulgates guidelines for preparing student research papers and projects and scholarly manuscripts in the social and behavioral sciences“APA style” refers to a system of citing research sources For all papers in APA style, use 12-pt, Tim
3、es New Roman font,Why Should I Cite?,1. Citing identifies sources used in a research paper or project2. It gives credit to those researchers, authors, and writers whose words or ideas you borrow, acknowledging their role in shaping your research. 3. It allows others to follow-up on or retrieve this
4、material4. To avoid charges of plagiarism,What is Plagiarism?,Plagiarism is: The unacknowledged use or appropriation of another persons words or ideas A form of cheating or stealing A serious academic offenseWhen you borrow words or ideas from sources to support your argument or research you must gi
5、ve proper credit. By crediting your sources, you avoid plagiarism. If you do not cite a source-intentionally or unintentionally-you are guilty of plagiarism.,When Should I Cite?,Many students plagiarize unintentionally. Remember, whenever you summarize, paraphrase or quote another authors material y
6、ou must properly credit your source.If you are using another persons idea, you must also cite your source!,One of my parents always said, “Dont wet your bed” (Mom, 1990).,When in doubt, give credit to your source!,Summary, Paraphrase, Quote,A summary (aka abstract) briefly captures the main ideas of
7、 your source A paraphrase is a restatement of the text of your source in your own words (more detail than a summary) Quotations can be direct (using quotation marks) or indirect (no quotation marks and often introduced by that) A noted psychologist states, “As recently as 20 years ago, a bed-wetter
8、was psychologically castigated for what could have been a physiological problem” (Tikling, 2009). A noted psychologist observes that just two decades ago bed-wetters suffered psychologically for a medical problem that may have had a physiological source (Tikling, 2009).,In any of these cases, you mu
9、st credit your source,How Do I Cite?,There are two parts to citing according to APA style:1. Brief In-text citations (often in parentheses) within the body of your essay or paper 2. List of full citations in the References page at the end of your paperNote:Sources cited in the text must appear in th
10、e References page. Conversely, each entry in the References page must be cited in the text.,APA provides these guidelines for citations:,In-text citations: “References . . . are cited in text with an author-date . . . and are listed alphabetically in the reference list” (Publication Manual, 2010). R
11、eference list citations: “Choose references judiciously . . . and reference data must be correct and complete” (Publication Manual, 2009).,In-Text Citations,Place the parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence before the punctuation mark. Bedwetting emissions have been determined to consist
12、mostly of two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen, plus assorted diurnal chemicals (Wasser, 2009).,You must provide information that will allow the reader to locate exactly where you found information in your sources. Usually this is the authors last name and the year of publication, for example: (Was
13、ser, 2009),In-Text Citations, Contd,When the authors name appears as part of your sentence (known as a “signal phrase”), do not use it again in the parenthetical citation. Just give the year of publication: Wasser (2009) argues that bedwetting is ultimately a genetically predisposed behavior. When t
14、here are two authors, name both authors every time their work is referenced in your paper: Among epidemiological samples, Selbst and Tikling (2008) found that early onset social anxiety disorder results from adverse parental responses to bedwetting. The study also showed that there was a high rate o
15、f alcohol and drug abuse associated with unresolved bedwetting issues (Selbst and Tikling, 2008).,Other Citation Possibilities,When there are between 3 and 5 authors, name all at their first citing, including the year of publication. At subsequent citings in your paper, retain only the first author
16、and replace the others with “et al.”: Selbst, Tikling, Wang, Getz, and Wasser (2009) believe that bedwetters have a genetic predisposition for their behaviors. In work with the Human Genome Project, Selbst et al. (2009) have identified the unique gene that contributes to bedwetting propensity. When
17、there are 6 or more authors, use first authors surname and “et al.” for the others as in second example above in all citing instances. If the author is a group (e.g., corporation, association, government agency), use the entire name in your in-text cite, though some groups names can be abbreviated a
18、fter the first instance: According to government figures, boys are 35% more likely across the socio-economic spectrum than girls to wet their beds (National Institute of Mental Health, 2000). Next instance: (NIMH, 2000) When a work has no identified author, cite in text the first few words of the re
19、ference list entry; if article, chapter or web page, use quotation marks, if periodical, book, report, use italics: Bedwetters also wet couches (“IKEA Report,” 2005)A popular college prep handbook, College Bound Seniors (2008), recommends use of the upper bunk if your roommate is a bed-wetter.,When
20、possible, give only the last two digits for the second number,Author Comma Title Page Number,Cite as you normally would and separate citations with a semicolon,Other Citation Possibilities, Contd,Sometimes you may want to refer to more than one source in your in-text citation. In that case, you shou
21、ld place them alphabetically, separated by a semicolon: Primary enuresis in young children is the expression of auto-erotic pleasure (Freud 1901; Jung 1905). To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, especially if a direct quotation; chapter; figure; table; or equation at the appropria
22、te point in the your text: In a letter to Freud, Ferenczi wrote, “I believe that syphilis leads to erythrophobia only in those people who in their childhood had to energetically suppress their rage toward their parents because of unjust punishment especially because of punishment for enuresis” (Brab
23、ant, Falzeder, and Giampieri-Deutsch, 1992, p. 271). Jung establishes the significance of the father in the development of enuresis in young children (1916, chapter 3).,In-text Citing of Electronic Sources,Treat electronic sources the same as print sources. Direct quotations from e-sources which don
24、t have page numbers are referenced by paragraph or heading and paragraph number, if available:Eiberg, Berendt, and Mohr (1995) concluded in a Danish study that “nocturnal enuresis, or nightly bedwetting in children more than seven years of age affects about 10% of seven-year-old children, with a wid
25、e range of frequencies between populations” (para. 4).A recent Italian study found that “the prevalence of enuresis was higher when the child was from a family of low socio-economic status despite the childs age group” (Chiozza et al., 2002, “Results,” para 3). This source has 6 authors (in fact, 8)
26、, so et al. is used for all authors after the first named author.,References List,The References list appears at the end of your paper on its own page. Everything you referenced in your text must be listed in your References list . Conversely, everything you list in the References list must be cited
27、 in your essay. The References list provides the information needed for a reader to find and retrieve any source used in your paper.,Sample References Page,*Sources are listed alphabetically,Indent all lines after the first inch for each reference listed,*The entire References page is double-spaced,
28、Title “References” is centeredat the top of the page,Be sure to include the digital object identifier (doi), if the source has one,All citations end in a period (.), except those with a doi or URL,*All papers in APA style must be in 12-pt., Times New Roman font,Most Periodical Citations Will Include
29、:,Author Date Title Source information DOI (Digital Object Identifier)Bennett, H. J. (2004, December). Bedwetting:An overview of treatment options. Nutrition Health Review, 90, 5-7. doi:10.9911.1137/1,Period,Page numbers,Last Name, Abbreviated First Period,Commas,Source in italics,Period,For a book,
30、 most of this information can be found on the title page and obverse of the title page.,Year, Month (in parentheses),Period,All words in title are lower case-except for first word, first word after a colon, and proper nouns,Volume # in italics,Colon,“digital object identifier”,Digital Object Identif
31、ier (doi),A unique alphanumeric sequence, starting with “10,” used to identify and to locate an item on the Internet Example: doi:10.1000/186.ken888.888lee (no period at the end) Also assigned to print sources In a database, the doi is sometimes hidden behind a button with the name of the database o
32、n it (e.g., PsychINFO) or the word “Article.” When a doi is present, the URL is not necessary,General Tips: Print Resources,Authors last name first, then his first (and middle) name(s) abbreviated.Camplone, A.If more than one author, but no more than six, list all authors, separated by a comma, and
33、connecting the last with an ampersand: Schulman, S. L., Colish, Y., von Zuben, F. C., & Kodman-Jones, C. Titles of books and periodicals are italicized and only the first word in title and after a colon and proper nouns are capitalized: Water world: Enuresis, the wet and dry of it.Clinical Pediatric
34、sArticle and chapter titles appear in regular font with same rules for capitalization:To treat bed-wetting, healthy doses of patience.,PRINT RESOURCES,Books What Should Be Included?,Author(s) or Editor(s). (Date of publication). Complete title. Edition (if indicated). Place of publication: Publisher
35、. DOI (if available).,Butler, R. J., Green, D., & Procter, H. (2007). Child within: Taking the young persons perspective by applying personal construct psychology. (2nd ed).Chichester, England:Wiley & Sons.10.1007/978-1-84882-023-4,PRINT RESOURCES,Book Examples,With one author: Seligman, L. (1999).
36、Selecting effective treatments: A comprehensive, systematic guide to treating mental disorders. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. With three to six authors: Tikling, S. F., Avulsion, D. T., Bonds, B., & Huckabee, T. S. (2008). Unstoppable leakages: Every child deserves plumbing. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littl
37、efield.,PRINT RESOURCES,List all authors Last Name in full, then first (and middle) name(s) abbreviated,Italicize title of book,Use a colon between the main title and the subtitle,Remember to indent all lines after the first line inch,Date of publication in parentheses, followed by a period,Publishe
38、rs name,If city of publication is not well-known, add state postal code,Books, Continued,Editors as authors: Schmandt, J., & Schmundt, R. (Eds.). (1999). Regional bedwetting styles: Impacts and response strategies. New York: Oxford University Press. Book by a corporate author: National Research Coun
39、cil. (1992). China and the damming of the Three Gorges: Opportunities for psychic enuresis. Washington: National Academy.,For books with editors, list the editor(s) name(s) followed by “Eds.” in parentheses. Follow with a period.,For corporate author, use full name,PRINT RESOURCES,Two or More Source
40、s by the Same Author(s):,Firor, J., Aberding, F. T., & Jakins, P. R. (2009). The changing atmosphere: Enuretic raindrops. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Firor, J., Aberding, F. T., & Jakins, P. R. (2010). The adipose greenhouse: Population, climate change, and creating a sustainable water sup
41、ply. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.,List sources by the same author(s) in chronological order of their publication date.,Periodical Articles What Should Be Included?,Author(s). Article title. (Publication date in parenthesis.). Periodical title (journal, magazine) italicized. Volume # ital
42、icized, (Issue # in parentheses), Page numbers of the article. Digital Object Identifier or URL preceded by the phrase, “Retrieved from” (w/o quotation marks),Depends on the type of periodical: Journal, Magazine, or Newspaper But they generally require this information,PRINT RESOURCES,What Should Be
43、 Included? Journal Articles,Author(s). (Date of publication.). Article title.Periodical title (journal, magazine, newspaper) Italicized. Volume #(Issue #), Page #. Digital Object Identifier.,Farley, H. W., Long, H., Close, G., & Short, M. (2008). The scientific case for modern anthropogenic causes f
44、or enlarged prostate due to childhood enuresis in adult males. Monthly Review 60(3), 68-90. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.122.116.,PRINT RESOURCES,Articles,Journal article with doi: Farley, H. W., Long, H., & Short, M. (2008). The scientific case for modern anthropogenic causes for enlarged prostate due to
45、childhood enuresis in adult males. Monthly Review, 60(3), 68-90. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.122.116. Magazine: Manthorpe, C, Womening, M., Evadam, J., & Biternatura, L. (2009, May). “Feminists look at the scienc of enuretic doppelgangers. New Scientist 85(3), 29-31. Newspaper: Tilgham, S. M. (2009, Septe
46、mber 30). Science vs. women-a radical solution. New York Times, pp. F1, F5.,PRINT RESOURCES,Volume numbers in italics,Dates: For journals, year; for magazine, month and if applicable, week; for daily newspaper, date. Note Formats: YYYY, MMM, DD.,Issue # in parentheses,Periodical titles in italics,In
47、 a newspaper article reference, use “pp.” if more than one page, “p.” if only a single page.,General Tips Electronic Resources,Digital Object Identifier (doi): Imperative that you include the doi if its availablee.g., doi:10.3598.23444/k8iei.777 (no period at the end) Uniform Resource Locator (URL):
48、 If the doi is not available, use the URL (begins with “http:”) preceded by the phrase “Retrieved from”e.g., Retrieved from http:/ (no period at the end) Database: Generally not necessary to identify, unless the database is archival (e.g., JSTOR, ERIC),ELECTRONIC RESOURCES,Internet Sources What Shou
49、ld Be Included?,Author(s), if available: (Date electronic publication was last updated.). Title of the document. Title of scholarly project, database, periodical, or website. URL address,Woo, C., & Hwang, D.(2010).Adjunctive behaviors in enuretic preschoolers. In S. Sue (Ed.), The Stanford encyclope
50、dia of philosophy (Fall 2010 ed.).Retrieved from http:/plato.stanford.edu/entries/behavioralism,ELECTRONIC RESOURCES,Websites,Joyce, J., Dedalus, S., Bloom, L., & Bloom, M. (2009). Chiastic structure and its affect on Mobius strips, Escher prints, and enuretic behaviors of gimpy gertys. HyperJoyce Studies. Hypermedia Joyce Studies, 10. Retrieved from http:/hjs.ff.cuni.cz/main/essays.php?essay=joyce Yee, P., & Yee, K. (2008). Climatological impacts on and fractal patterns of urinal stains. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from http:/www.epa.gov,
